Enantioselective Monitoring of Biodegradation of Ketamine and Its Metabolite Norketamine by Liquid Chromatography
| Autor: | Maria Elizabeth Tiritan, Ariana Pérez-Pereira, Alexandra S. Maia, Cláudia Ribeiro, Virgínia M.F. Gonçalves |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Detection limit
Chromatography ketamine Metabolite Enantioselective synthesis enantioseparation QD415-436 Biodegradation Biochemistry Analytical Chemistry chemistry.chemical_compound Activated sludge chemistry Wastewater enantioselectivity Sewage treatment norketamine Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Enantiomer biodegradation assays |
| Zdroj: | Chemosensors Volume 9 Issue 9 Chemosensors, Vol 9, Iss 242, p 242 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2227-9040 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/chemosensors9090242 |
| Popis: | Ketamine (K) and its main metabolite, norketamine (NK), are chiral compounds that have been found in effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and aquatic environments. Little is known about their enantioselective biodegradation during sewage treatment however, this information is pivotal for risk assessment, the evaluation of WWTP performance and wastewater epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the biodegradation pattern of the enantiomers of K by activated sludge (AS) from a WWTP. For that, an enantioselective liquid chromatography with diode array detection (LC-DAD) method was developed and validated to quantify the enantiomers of K and NK. Both K and NK enantiomers were separated, in the same chromatographic run, using a Lux® 3 µm cellulose-4 analytical column under isocratic elution mode. The method was demonstrated to be linear (r2 > 0.99) and precise (< 11.3%). Accuracy ranged between 85.9 and 113.6% and recovery ranged between 50.1 and 86.9%. The limit of quantification was 1.25 µg/mL for the enantiomers of NK and 2.5 µg/mL for K. The method was applied to monitor the biodegradation assay of the enantiomers of K by AS for 14 days. K was poorly biodegraded, less than 15% for both enantiomers, and enantioselectivity in the biodegradation was not observed. The metabolite NK and other possible degradation products were not detected. This work reports, for the first time, the behavior of both enantiomers of K in biodegradation studies. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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