African soil properties and nutrients mapped at 30 m spatial resolution using two-scale ensemble machine learning
| Autor: | Matt Miller, Tomislav Hengl, Milan Kilibarda, John Wendt, Steve P. McGrath, Luka Glusica, Gifty E. Acquah, Andrew Sila, Stephan M. Haefele, Ognjen Antonijević, R. A. MacMillan, Ichsani Wheeler, Keith D. Shepherd, Jonathan Crouch, Leandro Parente, Martin Yemefack, Kazuki Saito, Achim Dobermann, Jordan Chamberlin, Francis B.T. Silatsa, Jamie Collinson, Josip Križan, Jean-Martial Johnson, Mohammadreza Sheykhmousa |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
Soil test Science Soil science engineering.material 01 natural sciences Article Nutrient Soil pH Machine learning Cation-exchange capacity 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Total organic carbon geography Multidisciplinary geography.geographical_feature_category Bedrock 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences Biogeochemistry Mineralogy Bulk density Geochemistry 040103 agronomy & agriculture engineering Medicine 0401 agriculture forestry and fisheries Environmental science Fertilizer Agroecology |
| Zdroj: | Scientific Reports Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2045-2322 |
| Popis: | Soil property and class maps for the continent of Africa were so far only available at very generalised scales, with many countries not mapped at all. Thanks to an increasing quantity and availability of soil samples collected at field point locations by various government and/or NGO funded projects, it is now possible to produce detailed pan-African maps of soil nutrients, including micro-nutrients at fine spatial resolutions. In this paper we describe production of a 30 m resolution Soil Information System of the African continent using, to date, the most comprehensive compilation of soil samples ($$N \approx 150,000$$ N ≈ 150 , 000 ) and Earth Observation data. We produced predictions for soil pH, organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N), total carbon, effective Cation Exchange Capacity (eCEC), extractable—phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn)—silt, clay and sand, stone content, bulk density and depth to bedrock, at three depths (0, 20 and 50 cm) and using 2-scale 3D Ensemble Machine Learning framework implemented in the (Machine Learning in ) package. As covariate layers we used 250 m resolution (MODIS, PROBA-V and SM2RAIN products), and 30 m resolution (Sentinel-2, Landsat and DTM derivatives) images. Our fivefold spatial Cross-Validation results showed varying accuracy levels ranging from the best performing soil pH (CCC = 0.900) to more poorly predictable extractable phosphorus (CCC = 0.654) and sulphur (CCC = 0.708) and depth to bedrock. Sentinel-2 bands SWIR (B11, B12), NIR (B09, B8A), Landsat SWIR bands, and vertical depth derived from 30 m resolution DTM, were the overall most important 30 m resolution covariates. Climatic data images—SM2RAIN, bioclimatic variables and MODIS Land Surface Temperature—however, remained as the overall most important variables for predicting soil chemical variables at continental scale. This publicly available 30-m Soil Information System of Africa aims at supporting numerous applications, including soil and fertilizer policies and investments, agronomic advice to close yield gaps, environmental programs, or targeting of nutrition interventions. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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