Current knowledge on urease and nitrification inhibitors technology and their safety
| Autor: | Chikere G. Nkwonta, Aishwarya Ray, Karl G. Richards, Tom F. O'Callaghan, Sean A. Hogan, Martin Danaher, Enda Cummins, Patrick J. Forrestal |
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| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Technology
Health (social science) Urease Cost effectiveness Environmental pollution 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Toxicology Soil chemistry.chemical_compound Human health Animals Humans Fertilizers 0105 earth and related environmental sciences biology Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences Nitrification Pollution chemistry Greenhouse gas 040103 agronomy & agriculture Urea biology.protein 0401 agriculture forestry and fisheries Cattle Risk assessment |
| Zdroj: | Reviews on Environmental Health. 36:477-491 |
| ISSN: | 2191-0308 0048-7554 |
| DOI: | 10.1515/reveh-2020-0088 |
| Popis: | Objective Urea is one of the most widely used commercial fertilisers worldwide due to its high N density and cost effectiveness. However, it can be lost in the form of gaseous ammonia and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which can potentially lead to environmental pollution. Farmers are compelled to apply more urea to account for those losses, thereby increasing their expenditure on fertilization. The objective of this paper is to present a literature review on current knowledge regarding inhibitor technologies such as urease inhibitor; n-(N-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), and nitrification inhibitor; dicyandiamide (DCD). Methods A thorough review of all the scientific literature was carried out and a proposed risk assessment framework developed. Results The study showed that the urease inhibitor NBPT significantly reduced NH3 loss from urea. However, concerns about NBPT safety to human health had been raised when the nitrification inhibitor DCD appeared as a residue in milk. This article presents a risk assessment framework for evaluating human exposure to chemicals like NBPT or DCD, following the consumption of foods of animal origin (e.g. milk) from cows grazing on inhibitor-treated pasture. Conclusion The EU’s target of a 40% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 can be aided by using NBPT as part of an overall suite of solutions. A comprehensive risk assessment is advised for effective evaluation of potential risks from exposure to these inhibitors. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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