Cyclic Imines (CIs) in Mussels from North-Central Adriatic Sea: First Evidence of Gymnodimine A in Italy
| Autor: | Arianna Stramenga, Alessandra Dubbini, Stefania Gorbi, Melania Siracusa, Martina Ciriaci, Tamara Tavoloni, Simone Bacchiocchi, Arianna Piersanti, Debora Campacci |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
0106 biological sciences
animal structures Time Factors Adriatic Sea Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis pinnatoxins (PnTXs) Oceans and Seas Zoology Mytilus galloprovincialis lcsh:Medicine Aquaculture Biology bivalves Toxicology 01 natural sciences Heterocyclic Compounds 4 or More Rings Article 03 medical and health sciences LC–MS/MS Lc ms ms Animals Tissue Distribution Tissue distribution Chronic toxicity Shellfish 030304 developmental biology Mytilus 0303 health sciences North central Spirolide C 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology gymnodimines (GYMs) lcsh:R Mussel pteriatoxins (PtTXs) spirolides (SPXs) Italy Marine Toxins Imines Seasons Environmental Monitoring |
| Zdroj: | Toxins, Vol 12, Iss 370, p 370 (2020) Toxins Volume 12 Issue 6 |
| ISSN: | 2072-6651 |
| Popis: | Cyclic imines (CIs) are emerging marine lipophilic toxins (MLTs) occurring in microalgae and shellfish worldwide. The present research aimed to study CIs in mussels farmed in the Adriatic Sea (Italy) during the period 2014&ndash 2015. Twenty-eight different compounds belonging to spirolides (SPXs), gymnodimines (GYMs), pinnatoxins (PnTXs) and pteriatoxins (PtTXs) were analyzed by the official method for MLTs in 139 mussel samples collected along the Marche coast. Compounds including 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-desMe SPX C) and 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C (13,19-didesMe SPX C) were detected in 86% of the samples. The highest levels were generally reported in the first half of the year reaching 29.2 µ g kg-1 in January/March with a decreasing trend until June. GYM A, for the first time reported in Italian mussels, was found in 84% of the samples, reaching the highest concentration in summer (12.1 µ g kg-1). GYM A and SPXs, submitted to tissue distribution studies, showed the tendency to accumulate mostly in mussel digestive glands. Even if SPX levels in mussels were largely below the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reference of 400 &mu g SPXs kg-1, most of the samples contained CIs for the large part of the year. Since chronic toxicity data are still missing, monitoring is surely recommended. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|