The fingerprints of dioxin-like bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles in selected forest soils in Germany
Autor: | Florian Mertes, Bernd M. Bussian, John Mumbo, Marchela Pandelova, Bernhard Henkelmann, Karl-Werner Schramm |
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Rok vydání: | 2016 |
Předmět: |
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
Environmental Engineering Halogenation 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Soil test Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins Carbazoles Environmental pollution Forests 010501 environmental sciences Dioxins 01 natural sciences Soil chemistry.chemical_compound Germany Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 Animals Soil Pollutants Environmental Chemistry Benzofurans 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Total organic carbon Chemistry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health General Medicine General Chemistry Polychlorinated Biphenyls Pollution Rats Environmental chemistry Soil water Soil horizon Environmental Pollution Polychlorinated dibenzofurans Environmental Monitoring |
Zdroj: | Chemosphere. 162:64-72 |
ISSN: | 0045-6535 |
Popis: | The occurrence of bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles was studied in 86 forest soil samples from different regions in Germany. Carbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were qualitatively detected in the humic layer of 59 soil samples with bromocarbazoles reported here for the first time in soil. Furthermore, the halogenated carbazoles, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were detected in the humic and mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) of a subset of 11 soil samples subjected to quantitative analysis. Concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 267.6 ng/g (carbazole); 0.2-7.2 ng/g (3-bromocarbazole); 0.0-9.1 ng/g (3-chlorocarbazole); 0.2-19.8 ng/g (3,6-dibromocarbazole); 0.4-67.6 ng/g (3,6-dichlorocarbazole); 0.0-0.7 ng/g (PCDDs); 0.0-0.3 ng/g (PCDFs) and 0.0-33.7 ng/g (PCBs). Concentrations decreased with depth and correlated positively to total organic carbon (TOC). When it was based on TOC%, an increase in concentration with depth was observed in most soil samples. With respect to dioxin-like toxicity, 3-bromocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dibromocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazoles caused induction of CYP1A1-dependent EROD activity in HII4E rat hepatoma cell line. Their relative effect potency after 72 h exposure ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00013 and was directly related to the degree of halogenation with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as reference. Furthermore, their contribution to overall soil dioxin-like toxicity was not significant in comparison to PCDD/Fs and PCBs though the sum toxic equivalency was limited to three halogenated carbazole congeners. Bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles are emerging dioxin-like toxic environmental contaminants with potential for wide distribution occurring simultaneously with PCDD/Fs and PCBs. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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