Presence of Enteric Viruses in Source Waters for Drinking Water Production in the Netherlands▿
| Autor: | H. H. J. L. van den Berg, A. M. de Roda Husman, W. J. Lodder, Saskia A. Rutjes |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2010 |
| Předmět: |
Veterinary medicine
viruses Reoviridae Portable water purification Public Health Microbiology Viral Plaque Assay Biology medicine.disease_cause Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Water production Microbiology Water Purification medicine Bacteriophages Water pollution Enterovirus Netherlands Ecology Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Liter Viral Load biology.organism_classification Virus Diseases Drinking water directive Water quality Water Microbiology Food Science Biotechnology |
| Popis: | The quality of drinking water in the Netherlands has to comply with the Dutch Drinking Water Directive: less than one infection in 10,000 persons per year may occur due to consumption of unboiled drinking water. Since virus concentrations in drinking waters may be below the detection limit but entail a public health risk, the infection risk from drinking water consumption requires the assessment of the virus concentrations in source waters and of the removal efficiency of treatment processes. In this study, samples of source waters were taken during 4 years of regular sampling (1999 to 2002), and enteroviruses, reoviruses, somatic phages, and F-specific phages were detected in 75% (range, 0.0033 to 5.2 PFU/liter), 83% (0.0030 to 5.9 PFU/liter), 100% (1.1 to 114,156 PFU/liter), and 97% (0.12 to 14,403 PFU/liter), respectively, of 75 tested source water samples originating from 10 locations for drinking water production. By endpoint dilution reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 45% of the tested source water samples were positive for norovirus RNA (0.22 to 177 PCR-detectable units [PDU]/liter), and 48% were positive for rotavirus RNA (0.65 to 2,249 PDU/liter). Multiple viruses were regularly detected in the source water samples. A significant correlation between the concentrations of the two phages and those of the enteroviruses could be demonstrated. The virus concentrations varied greatly between 10 tested locations, and a seasonal effect was observed. Peak concentrations of pathogenic viruses occur in source waters used for drinking water production. If seasonal and short-term fluctuations coincide with less efficient or failing treatment, an unacceptable public health risk from exposure to this drinking water may occur. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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