Religion and law: A few historical and systematic perspectives
Autor: | Dfm Strauss |
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Jazyk: | afrikánština |
Rok vydání: | 2021 |
Předmět: |
modale aspekte
soewereiniteit in eie kring reg regsfere sphere sovereignty Sociology legal spheres universalisme law geloof collective religious freedom faith jural function of church and state persoonlike geloofsvryheid General Arts and Humanities General Social Sciences individualisme kollektiewe godsdiensvryheid personal religious freedom individualism modal aspects Law religion universalism godsdiens juridiese funksie van kerk en staat |
Zdroj: | Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, Volume: 61, Issue: 1, Pages: 24-6, Published: MAR 2021 |
Popis: | Binne diverse samelewings speel die verhouding tussen godsdiens en reg 'n belangrike rol. Hierdie bydrae beoog om enkele historiese kontoere te omlyn en eventueel in verband te bring met 'n paar relevante sistematiese opmerkings. Tradisionele samelewings is ongedifferensieerd maar het in Griekeland daarin geslaag om die Atheense polis (stad-staat) te ontwikkel. Die grondmotief van materie en vorm het rigting gegee aan die ontwikkeling van die Griekse kultuur wat aanvanklik deur die materiemotief beheers is en later onder leiding van die vorm-motief ontwikkel het. Die natuurgodsdienste is opgevolg deur die natuurreligie van vorm, maat en harmonie waarin die Olimpiese Gode 'n vername rol gespeel het. Gedurende die 5de eeu voor Christus het die nosies van geregtigheid en orde 'n meer beperkte juridiese betekenis verkry, verbandhoudende met wat ons vandag as positiewe reg waardeer. Weliswaar het Protagoras die hunkering na die onverganklike gerelativeer. Ten spyte van sy nominalisties-individualistiese benadering het Protagoras nogtans gemeen dat die polis 'n kulturele vorm aan individue verskaf. Die kulturele omraming wat langs dié weg verkry is, word gekonstitueer deur gehoorsaamheid aan die juridiese wette van die polis. Antieke Griekeland en die Middeleeue het afstand geneem van die nominalisties-individualistiese erfenis deur aansluiting te vind by die holistiese of universalistiese siening van godsdiens, reg en samelewing. Die aanvanklike betekenis van die terme logos (begrip) en nomos (wet) is gegee in die betekenis van reg in 'n juridiese sin, hoewel die kosmiese reikwydte van die term logos die juridiese betekenis daarvan by verre oorskry. Ontwikkelinge binne die Romeinse reg het die vierde eeu radikaal gewysig in 'n tweevoudige sin. Die uitbreiding van die Romeinse Ryk het gelei tot die ontstaan van die ius gentium om regsvoorsiening vir die nie-Romeine in die Romeinse Ryk te maak. Die toenemende groei van die Christendom het gelei tot die daaropvolgende stryd tussen kerk en staat. Die kulminasiepunt van die stryd tussen kerk en staat is bereik met die uitreiking van die befaamde Pouslike Dekreet, die Unam Sanctam in 1302, waarvolgens daar geen saligheid buite die Roomse Pontiff is nie. Die daaropvolende differensiëring van kerk en staat teen die einde van die Middeleeue en die Renaissance het daartoe gelei dat die staat die oorhand verwerf het. Desnietemin het nóg teoretiese weergawes nóg praktiese staatkundige ontwikkelinge effektief daarin geslaag om owerheidsgesag in te perk en godsdiensvryheid te verseker. Die Eerste Amendement van die Amerikaanse Grondwet betrek godsdiensvryheid maar het in publieke skole gefaal waar Darwin nie gekritiseer mag word en Christelike oortuigings uitgeban is. Die betekenis van die onderskeiding tussen die regsaspek en geloofsaspek van die werklikheid beklee 'n sleutelposisie in die laaste gedeelte van hierdie bydrae. Na 'n bespreking van die juridiese funksie van kerk en staat word rekenskap gegee van persoonlike geloofsvryheid sowel as van kollektiewe godsdiensvryheid wat afhanklik is van die struktuurverskil tussen die volgende regsfere: die domein van die publieke reg, die burgerlike privaatreg en die nieburgerlike privaatreg. Laasgenoemde betref die interne bevoegdheidsfere van die niestaatlike samelewingsvorme. Hierdie ontleding is deurslaggewend afhanklik van die modale soewereiniteit in eie kring van die regs- en geloofsaspekte van die werklikheid, wat as waarborg dien vir die wedersyde samehang en onherleibaarheid van hierdie aspekte. Hierdie aspekte dien ook as waarborg vir die interne kompetensiesfere van geloofs-verbande en staatsverbande deur die kwalifiserende rolle in elk te vervul - die kwalifiserende geloofsaspek in die geval van godsdienstige groeperinge en die kwalifiserende juridiese aspek in die geval van die staat as regsverband. The relationship between religion and law plays a crucial role within diverse societies. In this contribution some historical contours will be outlined and eventually related to a few relevant systematic remarks. Traditional societies are undifferentiated but in Greece some succeeded in developing the Athenian polis (city state). The basic motive of matter and form gave direction to Greek culture, initially dominated by the matter motive and later on by the form motive. The religions of nature were succeeded by the cultural religious motive of form, measure and harmony in which the Olympic Gods played a key role. The notions of justice and order obtained a more restricted juridical meaning during the 5th century B.C. related to what we today associate with positive law. However, Protagoras relativised the yearning towards what is considered to be immutable. Yet, despite his nominalistic-individualistic inclination Protagoras still viewed the polis as the formative cultural power shaping individuals. The cultural form thus obtained is constituted by obedience to the jural laws of the polis. Ancient Greece and Medieval conceptions departed from the nominalistic-individualistic legacy by continuing a universalistic or holistic view of religion, society and law. The initial meaning of the terms logos (concept) and nomos (law) is found in the meaning of law in a jural sense, although the cosmic scope of the term logos by far exceeded its juridical meaning. Developments within Roman Law were radically transformed during the fourth century in a twofold way. The expansion of the Roman empire gave rise to the ius gentium in order to make provision for the legal position of non-Romans within the Roman empire. At the same time Christianity surfaced and provided a starting point for the development of the subsequent Medieval contest between church and state. The culmination point of this struggle between church and state, religion and law, was reached when it was declared in the famous papal Bull, Unam Sanctam (1302) that there is no salvation outside the Roman Pontiff. The subsequent differentiation between church and state since the late Medieval era and the Renaissance moved towards a situation where the state acquired the upper hand. However, neither theoretical accounts nor the actual rise of the modern idea of the just state succeeded effectively to limit state power and secure religious freedom. More recently, the first Amendment of the USA Constitution secures religious freedom but sadly failed in guaranteeing academic (conviction) freedom at public schools. The significance of distinguishing between the jural aspect and the faith aspect of reality occupies a key position in the last part of our analysis. After a discussion of the jural function of both church and state, an account is given of personal freedom of faith as well as collective religious liberty which depends on the structural difference between public law, civil private law and non-civil private law (i.e. the internal sphere of competence of non-political societal entities). This analysis crucially depends upon the modal sphere-sovereignty of the jural and certitudinal aspects of reality, guaranteeing their mutual coherence and irreducibility. These aspects also guarantee the internal legal spheres of competence of collective faith communities and collective state communities, by respectively acknowledging the qualifying role of the faith aspect in the case of religious communities and the qualifying role of the jural aspect in the case of states. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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