Optogenetic surface stimulation of the rat cervical spinal cord
| Autor: | Gregory D. Horwitz, Amanda E. Fischedick, Chet T. Moritz, Michael D. Sunshine, Sam J. Dreyer, Sarah E. Mondello, Polina Anikeeva, Philip J. Horner |
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| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Neuroprosthetics Physiology Stimulation Optogenetics 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Forelimb Animals Medicine Rats Long-Evans GABAergic Neurons Muscle Skeletal Spinal cord injury Brain–computer interface Neurons Electromyography business.industry General Neuroscience Cervical Cord Dependovirus Spinal cord medicine.disease 030104 developmental biology Hemiparesis medicine.anatomical_structure Female medicine.symptom business Neuroscience 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| Zdroj: | Journal of Neurophysiology. 120:795-811 |
| ISSN: | 1522-1598 0022-3077 |
| DOI: | 10.1152/jn.00461.2017 |
| Popis: | Electrical intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) at various sites along the cervical spinal cord permits forelimb muscle activation, elicits complex limb movements and may enhance functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Here, we explore optogenetic spinal stimulation (OSS) as a less invasive and cell type-specific alternative to ISMS. To map forelimb muscle activation by OSS in rats, adeno-associated viruses (AAV) carrying the blue-light sensitive ion channels channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and Chronos were injected into the cervical spinal cord at different depths and volumes. Following an AAV incubation period of several weeks, OSS-induced forelimb muscle activation and movements were assessed at 16 sites along the dorsal surface of the cervical spinal cord. Three distinct movement types were observed. We find that AAV injection volume and depth can be titrated to achieve OSS-based activation of several movements. Optical stimulation of the spinal cord is thus a promising method for dissecting the function of spinal circuitry and targeting therapies following injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Optogenetics in the spinal cord can be used both for therapeutic treatments and to uncover basic mechanisms of spinal cord physiology. For the first time, we describe the methodology and outcomes of optogenetic surface stimulation of the rat spinal cord. Specifically, we describe the evoked responses of forelimbs and address the effects of different adeno-associated virus injection paradigms. Additionally, we are the first to report on the limitations of light penetration through the rat spinal cord. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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