Chitosan and Chitin Deacetylase Activity Are Necessary for Development and Virulence of Ustilago maydis
| Autor: | Bruno M. Moerschbacher, Yanina S. Rizzi, Petra Happel, Mounashree J. Urs, Stefan Cord-Landwehr, Martin Bonin, Regine Kahmann, Sandra Lenz, Ratna Singh |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
0106 biological sciences
Hypha Virulence Factors Ustilago Virulence Ustilago maydis Chitin Biology Zea mays 01 natural sciences Microbiology Host-Microbe Biology Amidohydrolases Cell wall 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Gene Expression Regulation Fungal Virology Plant defense against herbivory chitin deacetylase Plant Diseases 030304 developmental biology Chitosan 0303 health sciences Appressorium viability Basidiomycota fungi food and beverages biology.organism_classification QR1-502 Cell biology Chitin deacetylase chemistry Host-Pathogen Interactions Research Article 010606 plant biology & botany |
| Zdroj: | mBio mBio, Vol 12, Iss 2 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2150-7511 |
| DOI: | 10.1128/mbio.03419-20 |
| Popis: | The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize, causing substantial losses in world corn production. This nonobligate pathogen penetrates the plant cell wall with the help of appressoria and then establishes an extensive biotrophic interaction, where the hyphae are tightly encased by the plant plasma membrane. The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis harbors a chitin deacetylase (CDA) family of six active genes as well as one pseudogene which are differentially expressed during colonization. This includes one secreted soluble CDA (Cda4) and five putatively glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CDAs, of which Cda7 belongs to a new class of fungal CDAs. Here, we provide a comprehensive functional study of the entire family. While budding cells of U. maydis showed a discrete pattern of chitosan staining, biotrophic hyphae appeared surrounded by a chitosan layer. We purified all six active CDAs and show their activity on different chitin substrates. Single as well as multiple cda mutants were generated and revealed a virulence defect for mutants lacking cda7. We implicated cda4 in production of the chitosan layer surrounding biotrophic hyphae and demonstrated that the loss of this layer does not reduce virulence. By combining different cda mutations, we detected redundancy as well as specific functions for certain CDAs. Specifically, certain combinations of mutations significantly affected virulence concomitantly with reduced adherence, appressorium formation, penetration, and activation of plant defenses. Attempts to inactivate all seven cda genes simultaneously were unsuccessful, and induced depletion of cda2 in a background lacking the other six cda genes illustrated an essential role of chitosan for cell wall integrity. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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