Plant protection product residues in plant pollen and nectar: A review of current knowledge
| Autor: | Blánaid White, Jane C. Stout, Elena Zioga, Ruth Kelly |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Insecticides
Phorate Plant Nectar 010501 environmental sciences Biology medicine.disease_cause 01 natural sciences Biochemistry Toxicology Neonicotinoids 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine Pollinator Pollen medicine Animals Nectar 030212 general & internal medicine Pollination 0105 earth and related environmental sciences General Environmental Science Chlorothalonil Pesticide Residues Neonicotinoid food and beverages Bees chemistry Dimethoate Carbofuran |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Research. 189:109873 |
| ISSN: | 0013-9351 1968-2018 |
| Popis: | Exposure to Plant Protection Products, PPPs, (fungicides, herbicides and insecticides) is a significant stressor for bees and other pollinators, and has recently been the focus of intensive debate and research. Specifically, exposure through contaminated pollen and nectar is considered pivotal, as it presents the highest risk of PPP exposure across all bee species. However, the actual risk that multiple PPP residues might pose to non-target species is difficult to assess due to the lack of clear evidence of their actual concentrations. To consolidate the existing knowledge of field-realistic residues detected in pollen and nectar directly collected from plants, we performed a systematic literature review of studies over the past 50 years (1968-2018). We found that pollen was the matrix most frequently evaluated and, of the compounds investigated, the majority were detected in pollen samples. Although the overall most studied category of PPPs were the neonicotinoid insecticides, the compounds with the highest median concentrations of residues in pollen were: the broad spectrum carbamate carbofuran (1,400 ng/g), the fungicide and nematicide iprodione (524 ng/g), and the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate (500 ng/g). In nectar, the highest median concentration of PPP residues detected were dimethoate (1,595 ng/g), chlorothalonil (76 ng/g), and the insecticide phorate (53.5 ng/g). Strong positive correlation was observed between neonicotinoid residues in pollen and nectar of cultivated plant species. The maximum concentrations of several compounds detected in nectar and pollen were estimated to exceed the LD50s for honey bees, bumble bees and four solitary bee species, by several orders of magnitude. However, there is a paucity of information for the biggest part of the world and there is an urgent need to expand the range of compounds evaluated in PPP studies. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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