Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) by Andrographolide and In Vitro Evaluation of Its Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects on Cervical Cancer
| Autor: | Annapurna S D, Heena S K, Preethi Basavaraju, Akbar Pasha, Gangappa Dharmapuri, Pavan Kumar Poleboyina, Divya Vishambhar Kumbhakar, I Arnold Emeson, Smita C. Pawar, Pavani Soujanya, Deepthi Pasumarthi, Vijayalaxmi Bodiga, Kiran Kumar, Ravinder Doneti |
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| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Aging Programmed cell death Cell cycle checkpoint Article Subject Cell Survival Andrographolide Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Apoptosis Molecular Dynamics Simulation Ligands Biochemistry Gene Expression Regulation Enzymologic chemistry.chemical_compound Western blot Downregulation and upregulation medicine Animals Humans Cytotoxicity Cell Proliferation Wound Healing QH573-671 biology medicine.diagnostic_test Chemistry Cell Cycle Reproducibility of Results Cell Biology General Medicine Middle Aged Gene Expression Regulation Neoplastic Molecular Docking Simulation Nitric oxide synthase HEK293 Cells biology.protein Cancer research Thermodynamics Female Diterpenes Cytology Research Article HeLa Cells |
| Zdroj: | Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol 2021 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 1942-0994 1942-0900 |
| DOI: | 10.1155/2021/6692628 |
| Popis: | This work is aimed at investigating the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cervical cancer and identifying a potential iNOS inhibitor. The data mining studies performed advocated iNOS to be a promising biomarker for cancer prognosis, as it is highly overexpressed in several malignant cancers. The elevated iNOS was found to be associated with poor survival and increased tumor aggressiveness in cervical cancer. Immunohistochemical and RT-PCR investigations of iNOS showed significant upregulation of endogenous iNOS expression in the cervical tumor samples, thus making iNOS a potent target for decreasing tumor inflammation and aggressiveness. Andrographolide, a plant-derived diterpenoid lactone, is widely reported to be effective against infections and inflammation, causing no adverse side effects on humans. In the current study, we investigated the effect of andrographolide on the prognostic value of iNOS expression in cervical cancer, which has not been reported previously. The binding efficacy of andrographolide was analyzed by performing molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. Multiple parameters were used to analyze the simulation trajectory, like root mean square deviation (RMSD), torsional degree of freedom, protein-root mean square fluctuations (P-RMSF), ligand RMSF, total number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, secondary structure elements (SSE) of the protein, and protein complex with the time-dependent functions of MDS. Ligand-protein interactions revealed binding efficacy of andrographolide with tryptophan amino acid of iNOS protein. Cancer cell proliferation, cell migration, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis-mediated cell death were assessed in vitro, post iNOS inhibition induced by andrographolide treatment (demonstrated by Western blot). Results. Andrographolide exhibited cytotoxicity by inhibiting the in vitro proliferation of cervical cancer cells and also abrogated the cancer cell migration. A significant increase in apoptosis was observed with increasing andrographolide concentration, and it also induced cell cycle arrest at G1-S phase transition. Our results substantiate that andrographolide significantly inhibits iNOS expression and exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on cervical cancer cells. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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