Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe
| Autor: | E. Arnolds |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 1991 |
| Předmět: |
Ecology
biology Suillus Biological Station Wijster Botany Biologisch station Wijster Forest management Tricholoma biology.organism_classification Ectomycorrhiza afd Botanie Cortinarius Forest ecology Life Science Animal Science and Zoology Ecosystem Mycorrhiza Agronomy and Crop Science Biologisch station Wijster afd Botanie |
| Zdroj: | Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 35, 209-244 Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 35 (1991) |
| ISSN: | 0167-8809 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/0167-8809(91)90052-y |
| Popis: | Recent changes in the species diversity and sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi in different regions of, and forest communities within, Europe are discussed with special emphasis on events in The Netherlands. In some forests in some regions fewer ectomycorrhizal fungi are now producing sporocarps, notably those associated with trees more than 40 years old and in particular conifers, for instance species of Phellodon, Hydnellum, Suillus, Tricholoma and Cortinarius. It is argued that this decline in different parts of Europe is coincident with decreased numbers of mycorrhizas. A scheme of progressive changes with three phases of ectomycorrhizal impoverishment and seven subphases is presented. The more probable causes of decline are discussed, namely forest succession, the collection of sporocarps (of edible mycorrhizal fungi), changes in forest management, direct influences of air pollutants, acidification of forest soils and consequent increased availability of aluminium in soil solution, nitrogen deposition, increased litter accumulation, changes in the herb layer of forests and reduced tree vitality. It is argued that changes in the populations of ectomycorrhizal fungi are most likely to be attributable to indirect effects of air pollution, in particular to increases in amounts of available nitrogen (possibly in combination with acidification) and/or to decreased tree vitality wity consequent reductions in the transport of current assimilates to roots and mycorrhizas. The relative importance of these different factors, and their interactions, are likely to differ in different locations. It is supposed that liming and applications of other corrective fertilizers are unlikely to restore the diversity and sporocarp production of ectomycorrhizal fungi; they may even have adverse effects. In the circumstances therefore it seems that the abatement of emissions is likely to be the only effective way of improving and sustaining stable forest ecosystems in areas at risk, notably in densely populated Europe. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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