Estimated lead (Pb) exposures for a population of urban community gardeners
Autor: | Gretchen Ferenz, Hannah A. Shayler, Henry M. Spliethoff, Lydia G. Marquez-Bravo, Rebecca G. Mitchell, Jonathan Russell-Anelli, Murray B. McBride |
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Rok vydání: | 2016 |
Předmět: |
Adult
Environmental Engineering Eggs Population Food Contamination 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Article Human health Geochemistry and Petrology Environmental health Vegetables Humans Soil Pollutants Environmental Chemistry Child education Urban agriculture 0105 earth and related environmental sciences General Environmental Science Water Science and Technology education.field_of_study technology industry and agriculture Environmental engineering food and beverages Dust Gardening social sciences 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences General Medicine Urban community Geography Lead 040103 agronomy & agriculture 0401 agriculture forestry and fisheries New York City geographic locations Environmental Monitoring Food contaminant |
Zdroj: | Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 38:955-971 |
ISSN: | 1573-2983 0269-4042 |
Popis: | Urban community gardens provide affordable, locally grown, healthy foods and many other benefits. However, urban garden soils can contain lead (Pb) that may pose risks to human health. To help evaluate these risks, we measured Pb concentrations in soil, vegetables, and chicken eggs from New York City community gardens, and we asked gardeners about vegetable consumption and time spent in the garden. We then estimated Pb intakes deterministically and probabilistically for adult gardeners, children who spend time in the garden, and adult (non-gardener) household members. Most central tendency Pb intakes were below provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels. High contact intakes generally exceeded PTTIs. Probabilistic estimates showed approximately 40 % of children and 10 % of gardeners exceeding PTTIs. Children's exposure came primarily from dust ingestion and exposure to higher Pb soil between beds. Gardeners' Pb intakes were comparable to children's (in µg/day) but were dominated by vegetable consumption. Adult household members ate less garden-grown produce than gardeners and had the lowest Pb intakes. Our results suggest that healthy gardening practices to reduce Pb exposure in urban community gardens should focus on encouraging cultivation of lower Pb vegetables (i.e., fruits) for adult gardeners and on covering higher Pb non-bed soils accessible to young children. However, the common practice of replacement of root-zone bed soil with clean soil (e.g., in raised beds) has many benefits and should also continue to be encouraged. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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