Spatial and Temporal Variations of Terrestrial Water Storage in Upper Indus Basin Using GRACE and Altimetry Data
| Autor: | Aftab Ahmed Khan, Chung-Yen Kuo, Wen-Hau Lan, Moslem Imani, Huan-Chin Kao, Chi-Ming Lee, Dostdar Hussain |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
General Computer Science 0208 environmental biotechnology 02 engineering and technology Structural basin 01 natural sciences Data assimilation GRACE Satellite General Materials Science Altimeter Water content 0105 earth and related environmental sciences upper indus basin Water storage General Engineering Snow GLDAS model 020801 environmental engineering Climatology Environmental science terrestrial water storage lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering Cryosat-2 lcsh:TK1-9971 Pacific decadal oscillation Groundwater |
| Zdroj: | IEEE Access, Vol 8, Pp 65327-65339 (2020) |
| ISSN: | 2169-3536 |
| DOI: | 10.1109/access.2020.2984794 |
| Popis: | Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and satellite altimetry are suitable for the precise measurement of terrestrial water storage (TWS) and lake water level variations from space. In this study, two GRACE solutions, namely, spherical harmonics (SH) and mascon (MSC), are utilized with the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model to estimate the spatial and temporal variations of TWS in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) for the study period of January 2003 to December 2016. The TWS estimated by SH, MSC, and the GLDAS model are consistent and generally show negative trends of -4.47 ± 0.38 mm/year, -4.81 ± 0.49 mm/year, and -3.77 ± 0.46 mm/year, respectively. Moreover, we use the GLDAS model data to understand the roles of variations in land surface state variables (snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, and canopy water storage) in enhancing or dissipating the TWS in the region. Results indicate that SWE, which has a significant contribution to GRACE TWS variability, is an important parameter. Spearman's rank correlations are calculated to demonstrate the relationship of the GLDAS land surface state variables and the GRACE signals. A highly positive correlation between SWE with TWS is estimated by SH and MSC as 0.691 and 0.649, respectively, indicating that the TWS signal is mainly reliant on snow water in the study region. The ground water storages estimated by SH and MSC solutions are nearly stable with slight increasing trends of 0.63 ± 0.48 mm/year and 0.29 ± 0.51 mm/year, respectively. We also take advantage of the potential of satellite altimetry in measuring lake water level variations, and our result indicates that Cryosat-2 SARin mode altimetry data can be used in estimating small water bodies accurately in the high mountainous region of the UIB. Moreover, the climate indices data of El-Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation are analyzed to determine the influence of pacific climatic variability on TWS. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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