First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near The Event Horizon

Autor: Masanori Nakamura, Michael Janssen, Carsten Kramer, Mark Gurwell, Alejandro Cruz-Osorio, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Hung Yi Pu, John F. C. Wardle, Jan Wagner, Tomoaki Oyama, Motoki Kino, Tyler Trent, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, Michael Kramer, Helge Rottmann, Ralph Eatough, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Oliver Porth, Laurent Loinard, Satoki Matsushita, Hope Boyce, Antonio Fuentes, Jordy Davelaar, John E. Barrett, Ed Fomalont, Taehyun Jung, Michael H. Hecht, Peter Galison, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Dimitrios Psaltis, Daniel P. Marrone, Michael Titus, Freek Roelofs, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Sera Markoff, Angelo Ricarte, Thomas P. Krichbaum, David Ball, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Chunchong Ni, Feryal zel, Charles F. Gammie, Richard Anantua, Roberto Garcia, Dominic W. Pesce, Daniel R. van Rossum, Sara Issaoun, Norbert Wex, Lei Huang, Sascha Trippe, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Jae-Young Kim, Olivier Gentaz, A. Jiménez-Rosales, Richard Plambeck, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Thomas Bronzwaer, Kazunori Akiyama, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Nimesh A. Patel, Doosoo Yoon, Alan L. Roy, Maciek Wielgus, James M. Moran, Monika Moscibrodzka, Andrew Chael, Geoffrey B. Crew, David J. James, H. Alyson Ford, Heino Falcke, Bradford Benson, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Keiichi Asada, Walter Alef, Jongho Park, Izumi Mizuno, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Mark G. Rawlings, Alexandra J. Tetarenko, Vincent L. Fish, Des Small, Alan P. Marscher, Shan Shan Zhao, Dan Bintley, Ziri Younsi, Wu Jiang, Hector Olivares, Ciriaco Goddi, Nicholas R. MacDonald, André Young, Andrew Nadolski, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, George N. Wong, Jirong Mao, S. Sánchez, Ilje Cho, Efthalia Traianou, Dong-Jin Kim, Paul Tiede, Daniel Michalik, Colin J. Lonsdale, Vincent Piétu, Karl M. Menten, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Pablo Torne, Lindy Blackburn, Yutaro Kofuji, Ilse van Bemmel, J. Neilsen, Kazuhiro Hada, John Conway, Aristeidis Noutsos, Katherine L. Bouman, Zachary Gelles, Sang-Sung Lee, Roman Gold, Alejandro Mus Mejías, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Hiroki Okino, Robert Wharton, Eduardo Ros, Michael D. Johnson, J. Anton Zensus, Mansour Karami, José L. Gómez, Shiro Ikeda, Kenji Toma, Ken Young, Bong Won Sohn, Yuzhu Cui, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, John E. Carlstrom, Juan-Carlos Algaba, Mark Kettenis, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Lijing Shao, Per Friberg, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Antxon Alberdi, Jessica Dempsey, Guang Yao Zhao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Lia Medeiros, C. Y. Kuo, Paul T. P. Ho, Derek Ward-Thompson, Arash Roshanineshat, Mel Rose, Yi Chen, Aviad Levis, Makoto Inoue, Nicola Marchili, Roger Brissenden, Boris Georgiev, Elizabeth Himwich, Yan-Rong Li, Tomohisa Kawashima, T. M. Crawford, Daryl Haggard, Ming-Tang Chen, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, F. Peter Schloerb, Antonios Nathanail, Michael Bremer, Hiroshi Nagai, Andrei Lobanov, He Sun, M. Balokovic, Mahito Sasada, Raymond Blundell, Karl Friedrich Schuster, James M. Cordes, Minfeng Gu, Jonathan Weintroub, Shami Chatterjee, Ronald Hesper, Christian M. Fromm, Michael A. Nowak, Koushik Chatterjee, Ben Prather, Roger Deane, C. Müller, Feng Yuan, Ramesh Narayan, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Junhan Kim, Shoko Koyama, Paul M. Chesler, Zhi-Qiang Shen, Pierre Christian, Alan E. E. Rogers, Rebecca Azulay, Chi-kwan Chan, W. Boland, Ye-Fei Yuan, Garrett K. Keating, Gopal Narayanan, Mareki Honma, Alexander W. Raymond, Greg Lindahl, Gregory Desvignes, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Ramprasad Rao, Ru-Sen Lu, Buell T. Jannuzi, Tod R. Lauer, Joseph R. Farah, Patrick M. Koch, Zhiyuan Li, Britton Jeter, Rocco Lico, Chet Ruszczyk, Silke Britzen, Felix M. Pötzl, Jun Yi Koay, Gibwa Musoke, Kotaro Moriyama, Jason Dexter, Do-Young Byun, David H. Hughes, Roberto Neri, Jun Liu, Luis C. Ho, Luciano Rezzolla, Jongsoo Kim, Iniyan Natarajan, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Qingwen Wu, Michael Lindqvist, Jason SooHoo, Fumie Tazaki
Přispěvatelé: Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Akiyama, Kazunori, Algaba, Juan Carlo, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Anantua, Richard, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Benson, Bradford A., Bintley, Dan, Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Boland, Wilfred, Bouman, Katherine L., Bower, Geoffrey C., Boyce, Hope, Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broderick, Avery E., Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thoma, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chael, Andrew, Chan, Chi-kwan, Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Chesler, Paul M., Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crawford, Thomas M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro, Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Farah, Joseph, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Ford, H. Alyson, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Fuentes, Antonio, Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gelles, Zachary, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Bori, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez, José L., Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Haggard, Daryl, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Himwich, Elizabeth, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, Issaoun, Sara, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Janssen, Michael, Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Johnson, Michael D., Jorstad, Svetlana, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Dong-Jin, Kim, Jae-Young, Kim, Jongsoo, Kim, Junhan, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Kofuji, Yutaro, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Levis, Aviad, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Lindahl, Greg, Liu, Jun, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, Macdonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Marchili, Nicola, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Marscher, Alan P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Izumi, Mizuno, Yosuke, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Müller, Cornelia, Musoke, Gibwa, Mejías, Alejandro Mu, Michalik, Daniel, Nadolski, Andrew, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Nathanail, Antonio, Neilsen, Joey, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidi, Nowak, Michael A., Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Özel, Feryal, Palumbo, Daniel C. M., Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Pesce, Dominic W., Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, Popstefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Pötzl, Felix M., Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrio, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ricarte, Angelo, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Rygl, Kazi L. J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Savolainen, Tuoma, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, De, Sohn, Bong Won, Soohoo, Jason, Sun, He, Tazaki, Fumie, Tetarenko, Alexandra J., Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo P. J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Traianou, Efthalia, Trippe, Sascha, Bemmel, Ilse van, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Wardle, John, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wielgus, Maciek, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guang-Yao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Academy of Finland, European Commission, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (Chile), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Chile), Harvard University, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan), MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Spinoza Prize, Swedish Research Council, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Junta de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Department of Energy (US), Astronomy, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)
Rok vydání: 2021
Předmět:
Accretion
Kino
Astrophysics - astrophysics of galaxies
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Astronomy
FOS: Physical sciences
Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics
F500
01 natural sciences
7. Clean energy
Astrophysics - high energy astrophysical phenomena
Magnetohydrodynamics
Relativistic jets
14
162
479
870
886
994
1964
1261
1278
1335
1347
1390
0103 physical sciences
Jets
Polarimetry
Radiative transfer
Plasma astrophysics
Radio jets
010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
Physics
Event horizons
010308 nuclear & particles physics
Black holes
Chatterjee
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Creative commons
13. Climate action
Space and Planetary Science
Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
Magnetic fields
Kerr black holes
Fish
Relativistic jets
Humanities
Zdroj: Astrophysical Journal Letters, 910, 1, pp. 1-43
Akiyama, K, Algaba, J C, Alberdi, A, Alef, W, Anantua, R, Asada, K, Azulay, R, Baczko, A K, Ball, D, Baloković, M, Barrett, J, Benson, B A, Bintley, D, Blackburn, L, Blundell, R, Boland, W, Bouman, K L, Bower, G C, Boyce, H, Bremer, M, Brinkerink, C D, Brissenden, R, Britzen, S, Broderick, A E, Broguiere, D, Bronzwaer, T, Byun, D Y, Carlstrom, J E, Chael, A, Chan, C K, Chatterjee, S, Chatterjee, K, Chen, M T, Chen, Y, Chesler, P M, Cho, I, Christian, P, Conway, J E, Cordes, J M, Crawford, T M, Crew, G B, Cruz-Osorio, A, Cui, Y, Davelaar, J, De Laurentis, M, Deane, R, Dempsey, J, Desvignes, G, Dexter, J, Doeleman, S S, Eatough, R P, Falcke, H, Farah, J, Fish, V L, Fomalont, E, Ford, H A, Fraga-Encinas, R, Friberg, P, Fromm, C M, Fuentes, A, Galison, P, Gammie, C F, Garciá, R, Gelles, Z, Gentaz, O, Georgiev, B, Goddi, C, Gold, R, Gómez, J L, Gómez-Ruiz, A I, Gu, M, Gurwell, M, Hada, K, Haggard, D, Hecht, M H, Hesper, R, Himwich, E, Ho, L C, Ho, P, Honma, M, Huang, C W L, Huang, L, Hughes, D H, Ikeda, S, Inoue, M, Issaoun, S, James, D J, Jannuzi, B T, Janssen, M, Jeter, B, Jiang, W, Jimenez-Rosales, A, Johnson, M D, Jorstad, S, Jung, T, Karami, M, Karuppusamy, R, Kawashima, T, Keating, G K, Kettenis, M, Kim, D J, Kim, J Y, Kim, J, Kim, J, Kino, M, Koay, J Y, Kofuji, Y, Koch, P M, Koyama, S, Kramer, M, Kramer, C, Krichbaum, T P, Kuo, C Y, Lauer, T R, Lee, S S, Levis, A, Li, Y R, Li, Z, Lindqvist, M, Lico, R, Lindahl, G, Liu, J, Liu, K, Liuzzo, E, Lo, W P, Lobanov, A P, Loinard, L, Lonsdale, C, Lu, R S, Macdonald, N R, Mao, J, Marchili, N, Markoff, S, Marrone, D P, Marscher, A P, Martí-Vidal, I, Matsushita, S, Matthews, L D, Medeiros, L, Menten, K M, Mizuno, I, Mizuno, Y, Moran, J M, Moriyama, K, Moscibrodzka, M, Müller, C, Musoke, G, Mejiás, A M, Michalik, D, Nadolski, A, Nagai, H, Nagar, N M, Nakamura, M, Narayan, R, Narayanan, G, Natarajan, I, Nathanail, A, Neilsen, J, Neri, R, Ni, C, Noutsos, A, Nowak, M A, Okino, H, Olivares, H, Ortiz-León, G N, Oyama, T, zel, F, Palumbo, D C M, Park, J, Patel, N, Pen, U L, Pesce, D W, Piétu, V, Plambeck, R, Popstefanija, A, Porth, O, Pötzl, F M, Prather, B, Preciado-López, J A, Psaltis, D, Pu, H Y, Ramakrishnan, V, Rao, R, Rawlings, M G, Raymond, A W, Rezzolla, L, Ricarte, A, Ripperda, B, Roelofs, F, Rogers, A, Ros, E, Rose, M, Roshanineshat, A, Rottmann, H, Roy, A L, Ruszczyk, C, Rygl, K L J, Sánchez, S, Sánchez-Arguelles, D, Sasada, M, Savolainen, T, Schloerb, F P, Schuster, K F, Shao, L, Shen, Z, Small, D, Sohn, B W, Soohoo, J, Sun, H, Tazaki, F, Tetarenko, A J, Tiede, P, Tilanus, R P J, Titus, M, Toma, K, Torne, P, Trent, T, Traianou, E, Trippe, S, Bemmel, I V, Van Langevelde, H J, Van Rossum, D R, Wagner, J, Ward-Thompson, D, Wardle, J, Weintroub, J, Wex, N, Wharton, R, Wielgus, M, Wong, G N, Wu, Q, Yoon, D, Young, A, Young, K, Younsi, Z, Yuan, F, Yuan, Y F, Zensus, J A, Zhao, G Y & Zhao, S S 2021, ' First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near the Event Horizon ', Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 910, L13 . https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abe4de
Astrophysical Journal Letters, 910, 1-43
Astrophysical Journal Letters, 910(1)
Digital.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname
Digital.CSIC: Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Astrophysical Journal Letters, 910(1). IOP PUBLISHING LTD
Astrophysical Journal Letters, 910(1):L13. IOP Publishing Ltd.
ISSN: 2041-8205
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/abe4de
Popis: Full list of authors: Akiyama, Kazunori; Algaba, Juan Carlos; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Anantua, Richard; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barrett, John; Benson, Bradford A.; Bintley, Dan; Blackburn, Lindy; Blundell, Raymond; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broderick, Avery E.; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chael, Andrew; Chan, Chi-kwan; Chatterjee, Shami; Chatterjee, Koushik; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Chesler, Paul M.; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crawford, Thomas M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Farah, Joseph; Fish, Vincent L.; Fomalont, Ed; Ford, H. Alyson; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Fuentes, Antonio; Galison, Peter; Gammie, Charles F.; García, Roberto; Gelles, Zachary; Gentaz, Olivier; Georgiev, Boris; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gómez, José L.; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hada, Kazuhiro; Haggard, Daryl; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Himwich, Elizabeth; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Ikeda, Shiro; Inoue, Makoto; Issaoun, Sara; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra; Johnson, Michael D.; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Dong-Jin; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Jongsoo; Kim, Junhan; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Kofuji, Yutaro; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Levis, Aviad; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Lindahl, Greg; Liu, Jun; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Loinard, Laurent; Lonsdale, Colin; Lu, Ru-Sen; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Marchili, Nicola; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Izumi; Mizuno, Yosuke; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Musoke, Gibwa; Mus Mejías, Alejandro; Michalik, Daniel; Nadolski, Andrew; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Nathanail, Antonios; Neilsen, Joey; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Nowak, Michael A.; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Özel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Park, Jongho; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Pesce, Dominic W.; Piétu, Vincent; Plambeck, Richard; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Pötzl, Felix M.; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ricarte, Angelo; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Sun, He; Tazaki, Fumie; Tetarenko, Alexandra J.; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; van Bemmel, Ilse; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Wardle, John; Weintroub, Jonathan; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wielgus, Maciek; Wong, George N.; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guang-Yao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.-- This is an open access article, original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations at 230 GHz have now imaged polarized emission around the supermassive black hole in M87 on event-horizon scales. This polarized synchrotron radiation probes the structure of magnetic fields and the plasma properties near the black hole. Here we compare the resolved polarization structure observed by the EHT, along with simultaneous unresolved observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, to expectations from theoretical models. The low fractional linear polarization in the resolved image suggests that the polarization is scrambled on scales smaller than the EHT beam, which we attribute to Faraday rotation internal to the emission region. We estimate the average density ne ~ 104–7 cm−3, magnetic field strength B ~ 1–30 G, and electron temperature Te ~ (1–12) × 1010 K of the radiating plasma in a simple one-zone emission model. We show that the net azimuthal linear polarization pattern may result from organized, poloidal magnetic fields in the emission region. In a quantitative comparison with a large library of simulated polarimetric images from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations, we identify a subset of physical models that can explain critical features of the polarimetric EHT observations while producing a relativistic jet of sufficient power. The consistent GRMHD models are all of magnetically arrested accretion disks, where near-horizon magnetic fields are dynamically important. We use the models to infer a mass accretion rate onto the black hole in M87 of (3–20) × 10−4 M⊙ yr−1. © 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
The authors of the present Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496, 315721); Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile via NCN19_058 (TITANs), and Fondecyt 3190878; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship; Allegro, the European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands, the NL astronomy research network NOVA and the astronomy institutes of the University of Amsterdam, Leiden University and Radboud University; the black hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects U0004-246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356, 57265507); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, projects IN112417 and IN112820); the EACOA Fellowship of the East Asia Core Observatories Association; the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); MICINN Research Project PID2019-108995GB-C22; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; Joint Princeton/Flatiron and Joint Columbia/Flatiron Postdoctoral Fellowships, research at the Flatiron Institute is supported by the Simons Foundation; the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011). We further thank the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); theMax Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, JP19H01943, 25120007); the Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6; the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, 107-2119-M-110005, 108-2112-M-001-048, and 109-2124-M-001-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC20K1567, NASA Astrophysics Theory Program grant 80NSSC20K0527, NASA grant NNX17AL82G, Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555, and NASA NuSTAR award 80NSSC20K0645); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1903847, AST-1935980, AST-2034306); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053); a fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M671266); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants 2014H1A2A1018695, NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066 561, Basic Research Support Grant 2019R1F1A1059721); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043. 513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) of South Africa; the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants PGC2018098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019-108995GB-C21); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia (grant P18FR-1769), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (grant 2019AEP112); the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000 001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X and DD7-18089X; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project CIDEGENT/2018/021. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TGAST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario.ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca) and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca).We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This Letter makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. This paper has made use of the following APEX data: Project ID T-091.F-0006-2013. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica, y Electronica (Mexico) and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA), with financial support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia and the National Science Foundation. The IRAM30-mtelescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany) and IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR-1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with Hydrogen Masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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