Plasmodium knowlesi as a model system for characterising Plasmodium vivax drug resistance candidate genes

Autor: Shivani Singh, Rachael Coyle, Julian C. Rayner, Lisa H. Verzier, Theo Sanderson
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2019
Předmět:
0301 basic medicine
Plasmodium
Candidate gene
Protein Expression
Genes
Protozoan
Plasmodium vivax
RC955-962
Drug Resistance
Gene Expression
Drug resistance
0302 clinical medicine
Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
Chloroquine
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine
Medicine and Health Sciences
Cloning
Molecular
Genetics
education.field_of_study
biology
Drugs
3. Good health
Mefloquine
Pyrimethamine
Infectious Diseases
Plasmodium knowlesi
Public aspects of medicine
RA1-1270
Research Article
medicine.drug
Genetics
Microbial
030231 tropical medicine
Population
Transfection
Research and Analysis Methods
Microbiology
Antimalarials
03 medical and health sciences
Microbial Control
Parasite Groups
parasitic diseases
Gene Expression and Vector Techniques
medicine
Molecular Biology Techniques
education
Molecular Biology
Gene
Pharmacology
Molecular Biology Assays and Analysis Techniques
Public Health
Environmental and Occupational Health
Biology and Life Sciences
biology.organism_classification
medicine.disease
030104 developmental biology
Parasitology
Antimicrobial Resistance
Apicomplexa
Malaria
Zdroj: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 13, Iss 6, p e0007470 (2019)
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
ISSN: 1935-2735
1935-2727
Popis: Plasmodium vivax causes the majority of malaria outside Africa, but is poorly understood at a cellular level partly due to technical difficulties in maintaining it in in vitro culture conditions. In the past decades, drug resistant P. vivax parasites have emerged, mainly in Southeast Asia, but while some molecular markers of resistance have been identified, none have so far been confirmed experimentally, which limits interpretation of the markers, and hence our ability to monitor and control the spread of resistance. Some of these potential markers have been identified through P. vivax genome-wide population genetic analyses, which highlighted genes under recent evolutionary selection in Southeast Asia, where chloroquine resistance is most prevalent. These genes could be involved in drug resistance, but no experimental proof currently exists to support this hypothesis. In this study, we used Plasmodium knowlesi, the most closely related species to P. vivax that can be cultured in human erythrocytes, as a model system to express P. vivax genes and test for their role in drug resistance. We adopted a strategy of episomal expression, and were able to express fourteen P. vivax genes, including two allelic variants of several hypothetical resistance genes. Their expression level and localisation were assessed, confirming cellular locations conjectured from orthologous species, and suggesting locations for several previously unlocalised proteins, including an apical location for PVX_101445. These findings establish P. knowlesi as a suitable model for P. vivax protein expression. We performed chloroquine and mefloquine drug assays, finding no significant differences in drug sensitivity: these results could be due to technical issues, or could indicate that these genes are not actually involved in drug resistance, despite being under positive selection pressure in Southeast Asia. These data confirm that in vitro P. knowlesi is a useful tool for studying P. vivax biology. Its close evolutionary relationship to P. vivax, high transfection efficiency, and the availability of markers for colocalisation, all make it a powerful model system. Our study is the first of its kind using P. knowlesi to study unknown P. vivax proteins and investigate drug resistance mechanisms.
Author summary Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent human malaria pathogen worldwide, but little is known about its biology as the majority of experimental studies have focused on Plasmodium falciparum, the main cause of malaria in Africa. We therefore know little about the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance in P. vivax and have yet to develop tools to experimentally understand drug resistance, which limits the ability to adapt drug policies and reduce the spread of resistance. Here, we used a related parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, as a model system to investigate genes that might be involved in P. vivax drug resistance. Multiple P. vivax proteins were expressed and their location in P. knowlesi was explored using organellar markers. None of the candidates induced changes in parasite response to chloroquine or mefloquine, two front-line antimalarials for which resistance is a concern in P. vivax. This could be due to technical reasons, or could indicate that these genes do not actually play a role in resistance. Despite not linking candidate gene expression to drug resistance phenotypes, we demonstrated that P. knowlesi is a promising model for P. vivax studies with rapid generation of transgenic lines and good expression of exogenous P. vivax proteins.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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