Vitamin D Deficiency Is Significantly Associated with Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Case-Control Study
| Autor: | José M. Castillo-Otí, Ana I. Galván-Manso, María R. Callejas-Herrero, Luís A. Vara-González, Fernando Salas-Herrera, Pedro Muñoz-Cacho |
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| Přispěvatelé: | Universidad de Cantabria |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2022 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Case-Control Study case-control study vitamin D deficiency Screening Program screening program Article Risk Factors Humans diabetes diabetic retinopathy TX341-641 Vitamin D Aged Nutrition and Dietetics Diabetic Retinopathy Nutrition. Foods and food supply Diabetes Middle Aged Vitamin D Deficiency Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Area Under Curve Case-Control Studies Female Food Science |
| Zdroj: | Nutrients, Vol 14, Iss 84, p 84 (2022) Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 84 UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria Universidad de Cantabria (UC) Nutrients Nutrients; Volume 14; Issue 1; Pages: 84 |
| ISSN: | 2072-6643 |
| Popis: | Aim: Results from meta-analyses point to an association between vitamin D deficiency and the onset of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the association of vitamin D for the development of DR and to determine the levels of vitamin D associated with a greater risk of DR. Methods: Between November 2013 and February 2015, we performed a case-control study based on a sample of patients with diabetes in Spain. The study population comprised all patients who had at least one evaluable electroretinogram and recorded levels of 25(OH)D. We collected a series of analytical data: 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, iPTH, calcium, albumin, and HbA1c. Glycemic control was evaluated on the basis of the mean HbA1c values for the period 2009–2014. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables associated with DR. Results: The final study sample comprised 385 patients, of which 30 (7.8%) had DR. Significant differences were found between patients with and without DR for age (69.54 vs. 73.43), HbA1c (6.68% vs. 7.29%), years since diagnosis of diabetes (10.9 vs. 14.17), level of 25(OH)D (20.80 vs. 15.50 ng/mL), level of 1,25(OH)2D (35.0 vs. 24.5 pg/mL), treatment with insulin (14.9% vs. 56.7%), hypertension (77.7% vs. 100%), cardiovascular events (33.2% vs. 53.3%), and kidney failure (22.0% vs. 43.3%). In the multivariate analysis, the factors identified as independent risk factors for DR were treatment of diabetes (p = 0.001) and 25(OH)D (p = 0.025). The high risk of DR in patients receiving insulin (OR 17.01) was also noteworthy. Conclusions: Levels of 25(OH)D and treatment of diabetes were significantly associated with DR after adjusting for other risk factors. Combined levels of 25(OH)D < 16 ng/mL and levels of 1,25(OH)2D < 29 pg/mL are the variables that best predict the risk of having DR with respect to vitamin D deficiency. The risk factor with the strongest association was the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This was particularly true for patients receiving insulin, who had a greater risk of DR than those receiving insulin analogues. However, further studies are necessary before a causal relationship can be established. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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