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Air transportation generates numerous economic and social welfare benefits. Airports and their expansions are associated with direct, indirect, induced effects as well as catalytic impacts on regional and national economies (Arndt et al., 2009; Braun et al., 2010). Mobility and accessibility are important factors determining competitiveness of (regional and national) economies in an increasingly globalised world. On the other hand there are numerous environmental and health impacts related to the growing demand for air transport. Since the projected annual growth rates of numbers of passengers are about 5% in the next 20 to 25 years (Mahashabde et al., 2011), the continuing growth of the aviation sector has raised questions of appropriate valuation and treatment of external costs (e.g. human and environmental health). In the context of transport markets, a distinction of externalities into positive (external benefits) and negative (external costs) is appropriate. Large infrastructure projects like airports cause various external effects, associated especially with the provision of transport services and facilities, the need of constructing transport infrastructure as well as related production of vehicles or raw materials (Schipper et al. 2001). Air traffic and associated ground side traffic contribute to local and global noise and air pollution. |
