Learning to drive: A reconceptualization
| Autor: | Jessica Hafetz Mirman, Allison E. Curry, Daniel Mirman |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Cognitive model
Licensure 050210 logistics & transportation education.field_of_study Computer science 05 social sciences Population Transportation Crash Article 0502 economics and business Automotive Engineering Econometrics 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences Aggregate data Fallacy of division education Ecological fallacy human activities 050107 human factors Applied Psychology Crash rate Civil and Structural Engineering |
| Popis: | Drivers' population-level crash rates incrementally decrease following licensure, which has led to the implicit assumption that an individual driver's crash risk also decreases incrementally after licensure as they accrue experience. However, in the aggregate data an incremental decrease in crash rate can reflect both incremental reductions in crash risk within individuals and an incremental increase in the proportion of drivers who have experienced an abrupt decrease in crash risk. Therefore, while it is true to say that the population of drivers' crash risk reduces in the months following licensure, it is not necessarily true to say that a driver's crash risk reduces in the months following licensure; that is, it cannot be assumed that individual-level changes in crash risk mirror the population-level changes in crash rates. In statistics, this is known as an ecological fallacy and in formal logic it is known as the fallacy of division, a type of category error. Using computational cognitive modeling methods we demonstrate that aggregating individual-level abrupt decreases in crash risk (i.e., non-incremental change trajectories) accurately fits population-level crash rate data from over 1 million adolescents and uniquely accounts for effects of two interventions found to reduce police-reported MVCs. Thus, we demonstrate that (1) a power-law artifact is readily observable in newly licensed drivers' aggregate crash data, which is not necessarily indicative of individual-level change processes, (2) interventions can alter crash risk trajectories by inducing immediate phase changes in crash risk into a lower risk stratum, or increasing the probability of such a change, (3) a phase transition model provides a stronger and more parsimonious account of the existing data than an incremental-accrual model. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|