Aldose reductase regulates microglia/macrophages polarization through the cAMP response element-binding protein after spinal cord injury in mice
| Autor: | Peng Chen, Qian Xue, Ganlan Bian, Gong Ju, Jian Wang, Caiyong Yu, Sookja K. Chung, Fangfang Liu, Ling Liu, Qian Zhang, Bing Song |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
Neuroscience (miscellaneous) Macrophage polarization Stimulation CREB Fidarestat Cell Line Lesion 03 medical and health sciences Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Mice 0302 clinical medicine Downregulation and upregulation Aldehyde Reductase medicine Animals Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein Spinal cord injury Cells Cultured Spinal Cord Injuries Mice Knockout biology Microglia Chemistry Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Macrophages Cell Polarity medicine.disease Cell biology Mice Inbred C57BL 030104 developmental biology medicine.anatomical_structure Neurology Immunology biology.protein medicine.symptom 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| ISSN: | 0893-7648 |
| Popis: | Inflammatory reactions are the most critical pathological processes occurring after spinal cord injury (SCI). Activated microglia/macrophages have either detrimental or beneficial effects on neural regeneration based on their functional polarized M1/M2 subsets. However, the mechanism of microglia/macrophage polarization to M1/M2 at the injured spinal cord environment remains unknown. In this study, wild-type (WT) or aldose reductase (AR)-knockout (KO) mice were subjected to SCI by a spinal crush injury model. The expression pattern of AR, behavior tests for locomotor activity, and lesion size were assessed at between 4 h and 28 days after SCI. We found that the expression of AR is upregulated in microglia/macrophages after SCI in WT mice. In AR KO mice, SCI led to smaller injury lesion areas compared to WT. AR deficiency-induced microglia/macrophages induce the M2 rather than the M1 response and promote locomotion recovery after SCI in mice. In the in vitro experiments, microglia cell lines (N9 or BV2) were treated with the AR inhibitor (ARI) fidarestat. AR inhibition caused 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) accumulation, which induced the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) to promote Arg1 expression. KG501, the specific inhibitor of phosphorylated CREB, could cancel the upregulation of Arg1 by ARI or HNE stimulation. Our results suggest that AR works as a switch which can regulate microglia by polarizing cells to either the M1 or the M2 phenotype under M1 stimulation based on its states of activity. We suggest that inhibiting AR may be a promising therapeutic method for SCI in the future. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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