Opportunities and challenges for the application of post-consumer plastic waste pyrolysis oils as steam cracker feedstocks: To decontaminate or not to decontaminate?
| Autor: | Marvin Kusenberg, Andreas Eschenbacher, Marko R. Djokic, Azd Zayoud, Kim Ragaert, Steven De Meester, Kevin M. Van Geem |
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| Přispěvatelé: | UCL - SST/IMMC/TFL - Thermodynamics and fluid mechanics |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Předmět: |
CSTR
Continuous stirred tank reactor WEEE Waste electrical and electronic equipment ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ppb Parts per billion HPLC High performance liquid chromatography PS Polystyrene OES Optical emission spectrometry ATOMIC-EMISSION DETECTION PAH Polyaromatic hydrocarbons Steam cracking MAPD Methyl acetylene and propadiene Contaminants STR Stirred tank reactor GC Gas chromatography Recycling EDXRF Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy Waste Management and Disposal ppm Parts per million LOD Limit of detection PVDC Polyvinylidene chloride GC × GC Two-dimensional gas chromatography PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate PET Polyethylene terephthalate TCD Thermal conductivity detector MASS-SPECTROMETRIC DETECTION FID Flame ionization detector PFO Pyrolysis Fuel Oil NCD Nitrogen chemiluminescence detector FTIR Fourier-transformed infrared FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR FBP Final boiling point Upgrading Chemistry HIPS High impact polystyrene ECD Electron capture detector Plastics ICP Inductively coupled plasma SCD Sulfur chemiluminescence detector Pyrolysis 2-DIMENSIONAL GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY Technology and Engineering Characterization ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ASR Automotive shredder residue complex mixtures Article JIS Japanese industrial standards TGA Thermogravimetric analysis ToF Time-of-flight POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS FIA Fluorescent indicator adsorption Thermochemical conversion Chemical recycling GC X GC PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene EU European Union LOQ Limit of quantification PA Polyamide EPA Environmental protection agency (US) Plant Oils ATR Attenuated total reflection HDPE High-density polyethylene ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT WEEE ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS MS Mass spectrometry MPO Mixed polyolefins SULFUR-CONTAINING-COMPOUNDS CHNS/O Carbon hydrogen nitrogen sulfur / oxygen elemental analyzer LC Liquid chromatography PP Polypropylene (L)LDPE (linear) low-density polyethylene HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE CIC Combustion Ion Chromatography ND Not detected PVC Polyvinylchloride Steam AED Atomic emission detector NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS IBP Initial boiling point Earth and Environmental Sciences FCC Fluid catalytic cracking PUR Polyurethane Incl. Including AAS Atomic absorption spectroscopy PIONA Paraffins (iso-) paraffins olefins naphthenes aromatics |
| Zdroj: | Waste Management, Vol. 138, p. 83-115 (2022) Waste Management (New York, N.y.) WASTE MANAGEMENT |
| ISSN: | 0956-053X 1879-2456 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.009 |
| Popis: | Graphical abstract Highlights • Contaminants determine the chemical recycling potential of pyrolysis oils. • Pyrolysis oils contain more and different contaminants than fossil feedstocks. • Contaminants cause corrosion, process fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning. • The main contaminants are nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, iron, lead and calcium. • Advanced analytical techniques and standardization are crucial. Thermochemical recycling of plastic waste to base chemicals via pyrolysis followed by a minimal amount of upgrading and steam cracking is expected to be the dominant chemical recycling technology in the coming decade. However, there are substantial safety and operational risks when using plastic waste pyrolysis oils instead of conventional fossil-based feedstocks. This is due to the fact that plastic waste pyrolysis oils contain a vast amount of contaminants which are the main drivers for corrosion, fouling and downstream catalyst poisoning in industrial steam cracking plants. Contaminants are therefore crucial to evaluate the steam cracking feasibility of these alternative feedstocks. Indeed, current plastic waste pyrolysis oils exceed typical feedstock specifications for numerous known contaminants, e.g. nitrogen (∼1650 vs. 100 ppm max.), oxygen (∼1250 vs. 100 ppm max.), chlorine (∼1460 vs. 3 ppm max.), iron (∼33 vs. 0.001 ppm max.), sodium (∼0.8 vs. 0.125 ppm max.) and calcium (∼17 vs. 0.5 ppm max.). Pyrolysis oils produced from post-consumer plastic waste can only meet the current specifications set for industrial steam cracker feedstocks if they are upgraded, with hydrogen based technologies being the most effective, in combination with an effective pre-treatment of the plastic waste such as dehalogenation. Moreover, steam crackers are reliant on a stable and predictable feedstock quality and quantity representing a challenge with plastic waste being largely influenced by consumer behavior, seasonal changes and local sorting efficiencies. Nevertheless, with standardization of sorting plants this is expected to become less problematic in the coming decade. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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