Advancements and Refinement in Facial Neuromodulators
| Autor: | Rod J. Rohrich, Kevin Small, Reza Kordestani |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
Neurotransmitter Agents
medicine.medical_specialty Facial rejuvenation business.industry Facial anatomy Cosmetic Techniques Injections Skin Aging Surgery 030207 dermatology & venereal diseases 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Physical medicine and rehabilitation Neuromuscular Agents Facial analysis Face 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis Humans Rejuvenation Medicine Botulinum Toxins Type A Onabotulinumtoxin a business Stepwise approach |
| Zdroj: | Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 138:803-806 |
| ISSN: | 0032-1052 |
| DOI: | 10.1097/prs.0000000000002569 |
| Popis: | The use of neuromodulators has increased by approximately 748 percent from 2000 to 2014 and has become an integral adjunct for facial rejuvenation. Knowledge of facial anatomy, accurate facial analysis, and familiarity with neurotoxin characteristics will minimize complications and optimize results. Current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved neurotoxins in the United States include onabotulinumtoxin A (Botox), abobotulinumtoxin A (Dysport), and incobotulinumtoxin A (Xeomin). The dosage and effect of these products are not interchangeable, so practitioners should master the utility and response of one product before trying the other products. All products have equivalent success in appropriately trained hands; the senior author (R.J.R.) favors no particular neurotoxin. This article provides a stepwise approach to treat dynamic facial rhytides with neuromodulators, including indications, facial analysis, preparation and injection technique, post-procedure care, and complications. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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