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The U-SENS™ assay was developed to address the third key event of the skin sensitization adverse outcome pathway (AOP) and is described in OECD test guideline 442E, Annex II. A dataset of 68 fragrance ingredients comprised of 7 non-sensitizers and 61 sensitizers was tested in the U-SENS™ assay. The potential for fragrance ingredients to activate dendritic cells, measured by U-SENS™, was compared to the sensitization potential determined by weight of evidence (WoE) from historical data. Of the non-sensitizers, 4 induced CD86 cell surface marker ≥1.5-fold while 3 did not. Of the sensitizers, 50 were predicted to be positive in U-SENS™, while the remaining 11 were negative. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of U-SENS™ were 93% and 21%, respectively. No specific chemical property evaluated could account for misclassified ingredients. Assessment of parent and metabolite protein binding alerts in silico suggests that parent chemical metabolism may play a role in CD86 activation in U-SENS™. Combining the U-SENS™ assay in a "2 out of 3" defined approach with the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA) and KeratinoSens™ predicted sensitization hazard with PPV and NPV of 97% and 24%, respectively. Combining complementary in silico and in vitro methods to the U-SENS™ assay should be integrated to define the hazard classification of fragrance ingredients, since a single NAM cannot replace animal-based methods. |
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