Glycosaminoglycans: From Vascular Physiology to Tissue Engineering Applications
| Autor: | Marilena Formato, Antonio Junior Lepedda, Lorenzo Moroni, Gabriele Nieddu, Matthew B. Baker, Julia Fernández-Pérez |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Scaffold
SMOOTH-MUSCLE-CELLS Vascular permeability 02 engineering and technology Review Extracellular matrix 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Tissue engineering Hyaluronic acid BLOOD-VESSEL Cell adhesion ELECTROSPUN SCAFFOLDS QD1-999 Vascular tissue 030304 developmental biology HEPARAN-SULFATE 0303 health sciences Chemistry Regeneration (biology) HYALURONIC-ACID vascular disease IN-VITRO MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES General Chemistry 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology vascular regeneration PROGENITOR CELLS ARTERIAL GRAFT glycosaminoglycans scaffolds tissue engineering ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR Biophysics 0210 nano-technology |
| Zdroj: | Frontiers in Chemistry Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol 9 (2021) |
| ISSN: | 2296-2646 |
| Popis: | Cardiovascular diseases represent the number one cause of death globally, with atherosclerosis a major contributor. Despite the clinical need for functional arterial substitutes, success has been limited to arterial replacements of large-caliber vessels (diameter > 6 mm), leaving the bulk of demand unmet. In this respect, one of the most challenging goals in tissue engineering is to design a “bioactive” resorbable scaffold, analogous to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), able to guide the process of vascular tissue regeneration. Besides adequate mechanical properties to sustain the hemodynamic flow forces, scaffold’s properties should include biocompatibility, controlled biodegradability with non-toxic products, low inflammatory/thrombotic potential, porosity, and a specific combination of molecular signals allowing vascular cells to attach, proliferate and synthesize their own ECM. Different fabrication methods, such as phase separation, self-assembly and electrospinning are currently used to obtain nanofibrous scaffolds with a well-organized architecture and mechanical properties suitable for vascular tissue regeneration. However, several studies have shown that naked scaffolds, although fabricated with biocompatible polymers, represent a poor substrate to be populated by vascular cells. In this respect, surface functionalization with bioactive natural molecules, such as collagen, elastin, fibrinogen, silk fibroin, alginate, chitosan, dextran, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and growth factors has proven to be effective. GAGs are complex anionic unbranched heteropolysaccharides that represent major structural and functional ECM components of connective tissues. GAGs are very heterogeneous in terms of type of repeating disaccharide unit, relative molecular mass, charge density, degree and pattern of sulfation, degree of epimerization and physicochemical properties. These molecules participate in a number of vascular events such as the regulation of vascular permeability, lipid metabolism, hemostasis, and thrombosis, but also interact with vascular cells, growth factors, and cytokines to modulate cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. The primary goal of this review is to perform a critical analysis of the last twenty-years of literature in which GAGs have been used as molecular cues, able to guide the processes leading to correct endothelialization and neo-artery formation, as well as to provide readers with an overall picture of their potential as functional molecules for small-diameter vascular regeneration. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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