Caffeine, a common active adulterant of cocaine, enhances the reinforcing effect of cocaine and its motivational value
| Autor: | Gian Pietro Serra, José Pedro Prieto, Valentina Perra, Cecilia Scorza, Martín Galvalisi, Valentina Valentini, Giovanna Piras, Juan Andrés Abin-Carriquiry |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2016 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Reinforcement Schedule media_common.quotation_subject Drug-Seeking Behavior Neurociencias Pharmacology toxicology Addiction Self Administration Pharmacology Rats sprague dawley Rats Sprague-Dawley 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors Reward Cocaine Caffeine Animals Medicine media_common Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud Adulterant Motivation business.industry Self-administration Rats Reinforcement 030227 psychiatry Medicina Básica chemistry Conditioning Operant Central Nervous System Stimulants business Reinforcement Psychology 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| Zdroj: | Psychopharmacology. 2016; 233(15-16): 2879-2889 REDI Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable instacron:Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable |
| ISSN: | 1432-2072 0033-3158 |
| Popis: | Rationale. Caffeine is one of the psychoactive substances most widely used as an adulterant in illicit drugs, such as cocaine. Animal studies have demonstrated that caffeine is able to potentiate several cocaine actions, although the enhancement of the cocaine reinforcing property by caffeine is less reported, and the results depend on the paradigms and experimental protocols used. Objectives. We examined the ability of caffeine to enhance the motivational and rewarding properties of cocaine using an intravenous self-administration paradigm in rats. Additionally, the role of caffeine as a primer cue during extinction was evaluated. Methods. In naïve rats, we assessed (1) the ability of the cocaine (0.250–0.125 mg/kg/infusion) and caffeine (0.125–0.0625 mg/kg/infusion) combination to maintain selfadministration in fixed ratio (FR) and progressive ratio (PR) schedules of reinforcement compared with cocaine or caffeine alone and (2) the effect of caffeine (0.0625 mg/kg/infusion) in the maintenance of responding in the animals exposed to the combination of the drugs during cocaine extinction. Results. Cocaine combined with caffeine and cocaine alone was self-administered on FR and PR schedules of reinforcement. Interestingly, the breaking point determined for the cocaine + caffeine group was significantly higher than the cocaine group. Moreover, caffeine, that by itself did not maintain self-administration behavior in naïve rats, maintained drug-seeking behavior of rats previously exposed to combinations of cocaine + caffeine. Conclusions. Caffeine enhances the reinforcing effects of cocaine and its motivational value. Our results highlight the role of active adulterants commonly used in cocaine-based illicit street drugs. Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación University of Cagliari and Fondazione Banco di Sardegna Grant FCE 3/2013/1/ 100466, Smoked Cocaine in South Cone Countries Grant CICADOEA/ USINL |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|