Assessment of the risk of respiratory sensitization from fragrance allergens released by air fresheners

Autor:	Janine Ezendam, Durk J. Schakel, Wouter ter Burg, K. Bouma, Jacqueline van Engelen, Susan Wijnhoven, Henk Van Loveren
Přispěvatelé:	Toxicogenomics, RS: GROW - Oncology, RS: GROW - R1 - Prevention
Jazyk:	angličtina
Rok vydání:	2014
Předmět:	Male Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Acyclic Monoterpenes respiratory sensitization Toxicology Risk Assessment chemistry.chemical_compound Mice Linalool Cyclohexenes Eugenol Respiratory Hypersensitivity Medicine Animals Food science Respiratory system Sensitization Inhalation exposure Air Pollutants Mice Inbred BALB C Air fresheners business.industry Local lymph node assay Terpenes Allergens Local Lymph Node Assay Perfume inhalation exposure Isoeugenol medicine.anatomical_structure chemistry Air Pollution Indoor respiratory LLNA Monoterpenes Occupational exposure fragrance allergens business Limonene Respiratory tract
Zdroj:	Inhalation Toxicology, 26(5), 310-318. Informa Healthcare
ISSN:	0895-8378
DOI:	10.3109/08958378.2014.888110
Popis:	Consumers using air fresheners are exposed to the emitted ingredients, including fragrances, via the respiratory tract. Several fragrances are known skin sensitizers, but it is unknown whether inhalation exposure to these chemicals can induce respiratory sensitization. Effects on the immune system were assessed by testing a selection of five fragrance allergens in the respiratory local lymph node assay (LLNA). The probability and extent of exposure were assessed by measuring concentrations of the 24 known fragrance allergens in 109 air fresheners. It was shown that the most frequently used fragrances in air fresheners were D-limonene and linalool. In the respiratory LLNA, these fragrances were negative. Of the other tested chemicals, only isoeugenol induced a statistically significant increase in cell proliferation. Consumer exposure was assessed in more detail for D-limonene, linalool, and isoeugenol by using exposure modeling tools. It was shown that the most frequently used fragrances in air fresheners, D-limonene, and linalool gave rise to a higher consumer exposure compared with isoeugenol. To evaluate whether the consumer exposure to these fragrances is low or high, these levels were compared with measured air concentrations of diisocyanates, known human respiratory sensitizers. This comparison showed that consumer exposure from air fresheners to D-limonene, linalool, and isoeugenol is considerably lower than occupational exposure to diisocyanates. By combing this knowledge on sensitizing potency with the much lower exposure compared to diisocyanates it seems highly unlikely that isoeugenol can induce respiratory sensitization in consumers using air fresheners.
Databáze:	OpenAIRE
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