Short-term variability in levels of urinary phosphate flame retardant metabolites in adults and children from an e-waste recycling site
| Autor: | Xiaobo Zheng, Yungang Shi, Xiao Yan, Jing Zheng, Xu Rongfa, Ren Mingzhong, Mei-Huang Wang, Wang Yuyu |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male Environmental Engineering Time Factors Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis Urinary system 0208 environmental biotechnology 02 engineering and technology Urine 010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Electronic Waste Phosphates chemistry.chemical_compound Occupational Exposure Environmental Chemistry Humans Waste recycling Recycling Child 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Morning Flame Retardants Chromatography Chemistry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Esters General Medicine General Chemistry Phosphate Pollution 020801 environmental engineering DPHP Female Fire retardant Waste disposal |
| Zdroj: | Chemosphere. 234 |
| ISSN: | 1879-1298 |
| Popis: | In the present study, urine samples (n = 258) were collected from adults (n = 42) and children (n = 22) in an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site. The concentrations and compositions of six di-esters, or the metabolites of phosphate flame retardants (PFRs), were measured at different time points on consecutive days. Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), dibutyl phosphate (DBP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) were detected in more than 50% of urine samples. The median concentrations of BCEP, DBP, BDCIPP, and DPHP were 2.43-4.80, 0.09-2.65, 0.46-0.89, and 0.66-1.83 ng/mL in adult urine samples, respectively. For children, the median concentrations of BCEP, DBP, BDCIPP, and DPHP were 1.23, 0.08, 0.06, and 0.29 ng/mL in morning urine samples, and 1.86, 0.12, 0.14, and 0.27 ng/mL in nightfall urine samples, respectively. Nightfall urine had generally higher levels of di-esters than those in morning urine for both adults and children (p 0.05). Children had significantly lower concentrations of di-esters than adults, indicating the occupational exposure risks of PFRs for adults. Significant correlations were observed in levels of BDCIPP (3 out of 6 groups of samples) and DPHP (2 out of 6 groups of samples) in couples (p0.05). Significant correlations between parents and boys were only observed in BCEP levels in nightfall urine samples, and in DBP levels in morning urine samples (p0.05). The results suggest that di-ester concentrations in e-waste recycling workers are highly variable depending on the time that samples are collected, which could further influence the estimation of human exposure to PFRs. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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