Drug Shortage: Causes, Impact, and Mitigation Strategies
Autor: | Sundus Shukar, Fatima Zahoor, Khezar Hayat, Amna Saeed, Ali Hassan Gillani, Sumaira Omer, Shuchen Hu, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Yu Fang, Caijun Yang |
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Rok vydání: | 2021 |
Předmět: |
Drug
definitions media_common.quotation_subject Economic shortage RM1-950 Review mitigation strategies 03 medical and health sciences 0302 clinical medicine Global issue Pharmacology (medical) 030212 general & internal medicine impacts media_common Pharmacology Health professionals Warning system drug shortage 030503 health policy & services Workaround medicine shortage causes Product (business) Risk analysis (engineering) Therapeutics. Pharmacology Business Unavailability 0305 other medical science |
Zdroj: | Frontiers in Pharmacology Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol 12 (2021) |
ISSN: | 1663-9812 |
Popis: | Drug shortage is a global issue affecting low, middle, and high-income countries. Many countries have developed various strategies to overcome the problem, while the problem is accelerating, affecting the whole world. All types of drugs, such as essential life-saving drugs, oncology medicines, antimicrobial drugs, analgesics, opioids, cardiovascular drugs, radiopharmaceutical, and parenteral products, are liable to the shortage. Among all pharmaceutical dosage forms, sterile injectable products have a higher risk of shortage than other forms. The causes of shortage are multifactorial, including supply issues, demand issues, and regulatory issues. Supply issues consist of manufacturing problems, unavailability of raw materials, logistic problems, and business problems. In contrast, demand issues include just-in-time inventory, higher demand for a product, seasonal demand, and unpredictable demand. For regulatory issues, one important factor is the lack of a unified definition of drug shortage. Drug shortage affects all stakeholders from economic, clinical, and humanistic aspects. WHO established global mitigation strategies from four levels to overcome drug shortages globally. It includes a workaround to tackle the current shortage, operational improvements to reduce the shortage risk and achieve early warning, changes in governmental policies, and education and training of all health professionals about managing shortages. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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