Does the emulsification procedure influence freezing and thawing of aqueous droplets?
| Autor: | Hinrich Grothe, Karl Handle, Thomas Loerting, Philipp Baloh, Astrid Hauptmann |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Ammonium sulfate
Aqueous solution Chromatography 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Chemistry Nucleation General Physics and Astronomy 02 engineering and technology engineering.material 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology 01 natural sciences Emulsification procedure chemistry.chemical_compound Differential scanning calorimetry Chemical engineering Phase (matter) Emulsion engineering Physical and Theoretical Chemistry 0210 nano-technology Letovicite 0105 earth and related environmental sciences |
| Zdroj: | The Journal of chemical physics. 145(21) |
| ISSN: | 1089-7690 |
| Popis: | Here we investigate the freezing and thawing properties of aqueous solutions in oil emulsions, with a particular focus on investigating the influence of the oil and surfactant and the stirring time of the emulsion. Specifically, we employ optical cryomicroscopy in combination with differential scanning calorimetry to study the phase behavior of emulsified 25 wt. % ammonium sulfate droplets in the temperature range down to 93 K. We conclude that the nucleation temperature does not vary with oil-surfactant combination, that is, homogeneous nucleation is probed. However, incomplete emulsification and non-unimodal size distribution of dispersed droplets very often result in heterogeneous nucleation. This in turn affects the distribution of freeze-concentrated solution and the concentration of the solid ice/ammonium sulfate mixture and, thus, the phase behavior at sub-freezing temperatures. For instance, the formation of letovicite at 183 K critically depends on whether the droplets have frozen heterogeneously or homogeneously. Hence, the emulsification technique can be a very strong technique, but it must be ensured that emulsification is complete, i.e., a unimodal size distribution of droplets near 15 μm has been reached. Furthermore, phase separation within the matrix itself or uptake of water from the air may impede the experiments. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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