Illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in swimming pool waters
| Autor: | Guerrino Predieri, Ettore Zuccato, Sara Castiglioni, Gabriella Aggazzotti, Guglielmina Fantuzzi, Elena Righi, Francesco Riva |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
Ketoprofen
Environmental Engineering Metabolite Ibuprofen 010501 environmental sciences Pharmacology 01 natural sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Swimming Pools Irbesartan Cocaine medicine Humans Environmental Chemistry Solid phase extraction Waste Management and Disposal Chromatography High Pressure Liquid 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Illicit Drugs Amphetamines Solid Phase Extraction 010401 analytical chemistry Carbamazepine Atenolol Pollution 0104 chemical sciences Norcocaine Pharmaceutical Preparations chemistry Benzoylecgonine Human risk assessment Illicit drugs Indoor swimming pools Pharmaceuticals Swimming pool water Water Pollutants Chemical Environmental Monitoring medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | Science of The Total Environment. 635:956-963 |
| ISSN: | 0048-9697 |
| Popis: | The occurrence of illicit drugs (cocaine, opioids, amphetamines and cannabis derivatives), some of their metabolites and 48 pharmaceuticals, was investigated in pool and source waters in ten Italian indoor swimming pools. The samples were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS), after solid phase extraction (SPE). Cocaine and its metabolites were found in nine swimming pools, at concentrations from 0.3 to 4.2 ng/L for cocaine, 1.1 to 48.7 ng/L for norcocaine, 0.7 to 21.4 ng/L for benzoylecgonine and 0.1 to 7.3 ng/L for norbenzoylecgonine. Opioids, amphetamines and cannabis derivatives were never detected. The most frequent pharmaceuticals were anti-inflammatory drugs: ibuprofen was found in all the pool waters, with a maximum 197 ng/L and ketoprofen was detected in 9/10 samples (maximum 127 ng/L). Among anticonvulsants, carbamazepine and its metabolite, 10,11-dihydro-10,11dihydroxycarbamazepine, were frequent in swimming pool water (8/10 samples) at concentrations up to 62 ng/L. The cardiovascular drug valsartan was also found frequently (8/10 samples), but at lower concentrations (up to 9 ng/L). Other pharmaceuticals were detected occasionally and at lower concentrations (atenolol, enalapril, paracetamol, hydroclorothiazide, irbesartan and dehydro-erythromycin). Carbamazepine, irbesartan and dehydroerythromycin were detected at very low levels (up to 5 ng/L) in only one of the four source water samples. A quantitative risk assessment showed that the health risk for humans to these substance in swimming pool waters was generally negligible, even for vulnerable subpopulations such as children and adolescents. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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