Understanding causal pathways within health systems policy evaluation through mediation analysis:An application to payment for performance (P4P) in Tanzania

Autor: Peter Binyaruka, Josephine Borghi, Laura Anselmi
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2017
Předmět:
Tanzania
Health administration
0302 clinical medicine
Pregnancy
Health belief model
030212 general & internal medicine
Medicine(all)
030503 health policy & services
Health Policy
Health services research
Pregnancy Outcome
Prenatal Care
General Medicine
Policy analysis
Health education
Female
Maternal care
Service delivery & access
0305 other medical science
Drugs
Essential
medicine.medical_specialty
Health Informatics
Pay for performance
Policy evaluation
03 medical and health sciences
Antimalarials
Environmental health
medicine
Humans
Maternal Health Services
Reimbursement
Incentive
Health policy
Quality of Health Care
Health financing
business.industry
Public health
Research
Public Health
Environmental and Occupational Health
Health governance
Delivery
Obstetric
Health promotion
Human resources
Mediation analysis
Health financing & economics
Health Expenditures
business
Program Evaluation
Zdroj: Anselmi, L, Binyaruka, P & Borghi, J 2017, ' Understanding causal pathways within health systems policy evaluation through mediation analysis : An application to payment for performance (P4P) in Tanzania ', Implementation Science, vol. 12, no. 1, 10 . https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-016-0540-1
Implementation Science : IS
ISSN: 1748-5908
Popis: Background: The evaluation of payment for performance (P4P) programmes has focused mainly on understanding contributions to health service coverage, without unpacking causal mechanisms. The overall aim of the paper is to test the causal pathways through which P4P schemes may (or may not) influence maternal care outcomes. Methods: We used data from an evaluation of a P4P programme in Tanzania. Data were collected from a sample of 3000 women who delivered in the 12 months prior to interview and 200 health workers at 150 health facilities from seven intervention and four comparison districts in Tanzania in January 2012 and in February 2013. We applied causal mediation analysis using a linear structural equation model to identify direct and indirect effects of P4P on institutional delivery rates and on the uptake of two doses of an antimalarial drug during pregnancy. We first ran a series of linear difference-in-difference regression models to test the effect of P4P on potential mediators, which we then included in a linear difference-in-difference model evaluating the impact of P4P on the outcome. We tested the robustness of our results to unmeasured confounding using semi-parametric methods. Results: P4P reduced the probability of women paying for delivery care (-4.5 percentage points) which mediates the total effect of P4P on institutional deliveries (by 48%) and on deliveries in a public health facility (by 78%). P4P reduced the stock-out rate for some essential drugs, specifically oxytocin (-36 percentage points), which mediated the total effect of P4P on institutional deliveries (by 22%) and deliveries in a public health facility (by 30%). P4P increased kindness at delivery (5 percentage points), which mediated the effect of P4P on institutional deliveries (by 48%) and on deliveries in a public health facility (by 49%). P4P increased the likelihood of supervision visits taking place within the last 90 days (18 percentage points), which mediated 15% of the total P4P effect on the uptake of two antimalarial doses during antenatal care (IPT2). Kindness during deliveries and the probability of paying out of pocket for delivery care were the mediators most robust to unmeasured confounding. Conclusions: The effect of P4P on institutional deliveries is mediated by financing and human resources factors, while uptake of antimalarials in pregnancy is mediated by governance factors. Further research is required to explore additional and more complex causal pathways.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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