| Popis: |
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and use (AMU) are major public health concerns in the human and animal sectors. Surveillance and monitoring systems are essential to control and assess the trends. However, the presence of different standardization systems among the countries and sectors makes comparisons problematic. Relevant data sources such as peer-reviewed articles, databases, national and European grey reports among others were identified by a thorough review in order to identify public information about monitoring systems and their databases on AMU and AMR in humans, animals and food. The searching terms “antimicrobial resistance”, “antimicrobial use”, ”Spain”, ”Germany”, ”UK”, “United Kingdom”, “Netherlands”, “France”, “Norway”, “Europe”, “food”, “human”, “animal”, “surveillance”, “system” and “monitoring” were used to identify all data sources. On the AMU section, the lack of standardization between countries and sectors has been encountered defining the data source (prescription/sales) and the units (Kg, mg/PCU, DDD/1000patients/days, DDD/1000beds/day, DDD/1000 STAR-PU among others). In addition, some limitations have been detected in the AMR section being the sample type (clinical/non-clinical), the units (MIC/SIR/IZ), the standard used (EUCAST/CLSI among others), the approach of the system (epidemiological or clinical) and finally the laboratory method (disk diffusion, microdilution, VITEC, among others). The One Health approach requires some harmonization among the human, animal and food systems within and between the different countries. There is a wealth of information available, but lack of harmonization limits the usability of data substantially. AMR and AMU analyses among sectors and countries should be done with caution and efforts should be undertaken to improve standardization |
