A Randomized Clinical Trial Examining the Effects of Instructions for Electronic Cigarette Use on Smoking-Related Behaviors and Biomarkers of Exposure
| Autor: | Sharon E. Murphy, Sarah A. Reisinger, Laura Dick, Stephen S. Hecht, Amanda Anderson, Menglan Chen, Peter G. Shields, Mei Kuen Tang, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Steven G. Carmella, Joni Jensen, Kaila J. Norton, Lori S Strayer, Ellen Meier, Bruce R. Lindgren, Richard J O'Connor |
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| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Male medicine.medical_specialty Original Investigations Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Cigarette Smoking law.invention Young Adult 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound 0302 clinical medicine Randomized controlled trial Cigarette smoking law Internal medicine medicine Humans 030212 general & internal medicine Young adult Aged Nicotine replacement Smoke Carbon Monoxide Smokers business.industry Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Middle Aged Tobacco Use Cessation Devices chemistry Nicotine gum behavior and behavior mechanisms Carcinogens Female Smoking Cessation business Biomarkers 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Lozenge Toxicant |
| Zdroj: | Nicotine Tob Res |
| ISSN: | 1469-994X 1462-2203 |
| DOI: | 10.1093/ntr/ntz233 |
| Popis: | Introduction Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have the potential to significantly reduce exposure to harmful constituents associated with cigarette smoking when smokers completely substitute cigarettes with e-cigarettes. This study examined patterns of e-cigarette and cigarette use, and extent of toxicant exposure, if smokers were instructed and incentivized to completely switch to e-cigarettes compared to instructions to use the product ad libitum. Aims and Methods US adult daily smokers (n = 264; 49.2% female; Mage = 47.0), uninterested in quitting smoking immediately, were recruited from Minneapolis, MN, Columbus, OH, and Buffalo, NY. Participants were randomized to 8 weeks of instructions for (1) ad libitum use of e-cigarettes (AD-E), (2) complete substitution of cigarettes with e-cigarettes (CS-E), (3) complete substitution of cigarettes with nicotine gum or lozenge (CS-NRT), or (4) continue smoking of usual brand cigarettes (UB). Participants were incentivized for protocol compliance, including complete switching in the CS-E and CS-NRT groups. Outcome variables were cigarette smoking rate and tobacco-related biomarkers of exposure. Results Smokers in the CS-E and CS-NRT groups showed lower rates of smoking and lower exposure to carbon monoxide, tobacco carcinogens, and other toxicants than smokers in the AD-E group. In general, no significant differences were observed between CS-E versus CS-NRT or between AD-E versus UB for most biomarkers. Significantly higher 7-day point prevalence smoke-free rates were observed for CS-E versus CS-NRT. Conclusions Smokers instructed and incentivized to completely switch to e-cigarettes resulted in lower smoking rates and greater reductions in exposures to harmful chemicals than smokers instructed to use the product ad libitum. Implications Smokers instructed to completely substitute e-cigarettes for cigarettes displayed significantly lower levels of smoking and biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens and toxicants, compared to smokers instructed to use e-cigarettes ad libitum and similar levels as smokers instructed to completely substitute with nicotine replacement therapies. Furthermore, a higher rate of complete switching was achieved with e-cigarettes versus nicotine replacement therapies. Approaches to maximize complete substitution with e-cigarettes are an important area for future research. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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