Autokinetic Illusion as Affected by Suggestions of Experimenter and Observer
| Autor: | Keisuke Takahashi, Tatsuya Ozeki, Keiichiro Tsuji |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 1991 |
| Předmět: |
Adult
Optical illusion Autokinetic effect media_common.quotation_subject Illusion Suggestibility Experimental and Cognitive Psychology Stimulus (physiology) Illusions Sensory Systems Perception Humans Female Arousal Suggestion Psychology Necker cube Social psychology Internal-External Control media_common Autosuggestion Cognitive psychology |
| Zdroj: | Perceptual and Motor Skills. 72:515-526 |
| ISSN: | 1558-688X 0031-5125 |
| DOI: | 10.2466/pms.1991.72.2.515 |
| Popis: | Strmmary.--Two experiments were done to examine whether an experimenter's suggestion and self-suggestion could affect the autokinetic illusion and to spec6 that effect. Exp. I compared the effect of a facilitative suggestion with a suppressive one, by measuring the moving latency, duration, frequency, and by analyzing the movement trace. Time and frequency did not detect any effects of marked individual differences. Trace analysis, on the other hand, showed that suggestions were effective in the expected direction for some subjects. Exp. I1 gave the suggestion for and against subjects' dominant direction of the movement and was designed to specify the effect. While effects indicated by time and frequency measures were not consistent, the movement trace showed the effect in suggested directions, which was more distinct for subjects whose nonsuggcsred illusion was not so markedly directed. These findings indicate that suggesclon could affect the spatiotemporal aspect of the illusion, so the trace analysis may be useful for studies in this field. Most studies of the autokinetic illusion have attempted to clarify its mechanism by examining effects of either external (stimulus) or internal (observer) variables. As internal variables, sex, age, and personality of observers have mainly been treated. However, mental set induced by suggestion can also affect this illusion, on the basis of the findings reported with depth reversal of the Necker cube (Ammons, Ulrich, & Ammons, 1959; Ulrich & Ammons, 1959). Cautela and Vitro (1964) gave their subjects a suggestion that movement had to occur frequently and reported that the autokinetic illusion actually occurred in a way that met the suggestion. Rechtschaffen and Mednick (1955) also demonstrated that a suggestion affected the direction of movement. However, these studies were concerned only with the suggestion given by the experimenter and paid no attention to a possible effect of the suggestion made by observers to themselves. Also, findings were based on an analysis using a very limited number of indices. The present study examined effects of both experimenter's suggestion and observer's suggestion (self-suggestion). To specify the effects, we used three different measures (latency, duration, and cessation frequency). Movement traces were also analyzed, since they have been a reliable index of this illusion (Takahashi, 1990). |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
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