Upper Lip Horizontal Line: Characteristics of a Dynamic Facial Line
| Autor: | Rachel Sarig, Morris Strauss, Noa Sadan, Marilena Skyllouriotou, Atalia Wasserstein, Silvia Geron, Alexander D. Vardimon, Nir Shpack, Shifra Levartovsky |
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| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
Male
Cephalometry Health Toxicology and Mutagenesis medicine.medical_treatment Population lcsh:Medicine upper lip Smiling Article Rhinoplasty 03 medical and health sciences Young Adult 0302 clinical medicine stomatognathic system Gummy smile Prevalence Medicine Humans Sex Distribution education Child Wrinkle Short upper lip facial morphology Orthodontics Lip augmentation wrinkle education.field_of_study business.industry lcsh:R aging Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health 030206 dentistry smile Sulcus medicine.disease Lip stomatognathic diseases medicine.anatomical_structure Face sexual dimorphism Female medicine.symptom Malocclusion business 030217 neurology & neurosurgery |
| Zdroj: | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Volume 17 Issue 18 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 17, Iss 6672, p 6672 (2020) |
| ISSN: | 1660-4601 |
| Popis: | Background: Upper lip appearance received major attention with the introduction of diverse treatment modalities, including lip augmentation, rhinoplasty surgery, and dental treatment designed to support the upper lip. Our objectives were to define the prevalence and characteristics of the upper lip horizontal line (ULHL), which is a dynamic line appearing during a smile, in relation to gender, malocclusions, aging, and facial morphology. Methods: First, the prevalence and gender distribution of ULHL was examined from standardized en-face imaging at full smile of 643 randomly selected patients. Second, cephalometric and dental cast model analyses were made for 97 consecutive patients divided into three age groups. Results: ULHL appears in 13.8% of the population examined, and prevailed significantly more in females (78%). The prevalence of ULHL was not related to age nor to malocclusion. Patients presenting ULHL showed shorter upper lip and deeper lip sulcus. The skeletal pattern showed longer mid-face, shorter lower facial height and greater prevalence of a gummy smile. Conclusions: Female patients with short upper lip, concavity of the upper lip, and gummy smile are more likely to exhibit ULHL. The ULHL is not age-related and can be identified in children and young adults. Therefore, it should be considered when selecting diverse treatment modalities involving the upper lip. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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