Maternal effects on offspring growth indicate post-weaning juvenile dependence in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)
Autor: | Roman M. Wittig, Tobias Deschner, Therese Löhrrich, Catherine Crockford, Patrick J. Tkaczynski, Liran Samuni |
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Přispěvatelé: | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology [Leipzig], Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Robert Koch Institute [Berlin] (RKI), Institut des sciences cognitives Marc Jeannerod - Centre de neuroscience cognitive - UMR5229 (CNC), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) |
Jazyk: | angličtina |
Rok vydání: | 2020 |
Předmět: |
0106 biological sciences
Offspring Biology 010603 evolutionary biology 01 natural sciences Female dominance Orphan 03 medical and health sciences Lactation [SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology lcsh:Zoology medicine Weaning Juvenile ddc:610 lcsh:QL1-991 Sibling Life history Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics 030304 developmental biology 0303 health sciences Hominin evolution Research Maternal effect Muscle mass Altricial medicine.anatomical_structure Creatinine Animal Science and Zoology 610 Medizin und Gesundheit Demography |
Zdroj: | Frontiers in Zoology, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2020) Frontiers in Zoology Frontiers in Zoology, BioMed Central, 2020, 17, pp.1. ⟨10.1186/s12983-019-0343-8⟩ |
ISSN: | 1742-9994 |
Popis: | Background In animals with altricial offspring, most growth occurs after birth and may be optimized by post-natal maternal care. Maternal effects on growth may be influenced by individual characteristics of the mothers, such as social status, individual investment strategies and the length of association with offspring. The prolonged juvenile dependence seen in humans is a distinctive life history adaptation, which may have evolved to facilitate sustained somatic and brain growth. In chimpanzees, offspring are typically weaned at approximately 4 years old, yet immature individuals continue to associate with their mothers for up to 10 years beyond weaning. Whether this lengthy association or the individual characteristics of mothers influences growth patterns in this species is not clear. The relationship between urinary creatinine and specific gravity is an established non-invasive measure of muscle mass in humans and chimpanzees. We analysed the urinary creatinine and specific gravity of 1318 urine samples from 70 wild chimpanzees from the Taï Forest, Ivory Coast aged 4 to 15 years. Results We showed a clear increase in urinary creatinine levels with age in both males and females, replicating established growth curves in this species and reaffirming this measure as a reliable proxy for lean body mass. Comparing those who experience maternal loss (orphans) with non-orphan chimpanzees, maternal presence beyond weaning age and into late juvenility positively influenced offspring muscle mass throughout ontogeny such that orphans had significantly less muscle mass than age-matched non-orphans. In age-matched offspring with mothers, those with high-ranking mothers had greater muscle mass. Accounting for variation in muscle mass attributable to maternal presence, we found no effect of maternal investment (length of inter birth interval, from own birth to birth of following sibling) on offspring muscle mass. Conclusion Chimpanzee mothers have an extended and multi-faceted influence on offspring phenotypes. Our results suggest that maternal investment extends beyond lactation and into early adulthood and has clear benefits to offspring physical development. Therefore, prolonged juvenile dependence, although unique in its form in human societies, may be a trait with deeper evolutionary origins. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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