The importance of drains for the larval development of lymphatic filariasis and malaria vectors in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| Autor: | Khadija Kannady, Sigsbert Mkude, Marcia C. Castro, Ulrike Fillinger, Gerry F. Killeen, Shogo Kanamori |
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| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2010 |
| Předmět: |
Veterinary medicine
Mosquito Control lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine Water flow Culex lcsh:RC955-962 Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases Freshwater Biology Tanzania Filariasis Anopheles parasitic diseases medicine Animals Humans Lymphatic filariasis Ecosystem Larva biology Ecology lcsh:Public aspects of medicine fungi Public Health Environmental and Occupational Health Agriculture lcsh:RA1-1270 biology.organism_classification medicine.disease Vector control Mosquito control Infectious Diseases Malaria Research Article |
| Zdroj: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 4, Iss 5, p e693 (2010) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| ISSN: | 1935-2735 1935-2727 |
| Popis: | Background Dar es Salaam has an extensive drain network, mostly with inadequate water flow, blocked by waste, causing flooding after rainfall. The presence of Anopheles and Culex larvae is common, which is likely to impact the transmission of lymphatic filariasis and malaria by the resulting adult mosquito populations. However, the importance of drains as larval habitats remains unknown. Methodology Data on mosquito larval habitats routinely collected by the Urban Malaria Control Program (UMCP) and a special drain survey conducted in 2006 were used to obtain a typology of habitats. Focusing on drains, logistic regression was used to evaluate potential factors impacting the presence of mosquito larvae. Spatial variation in the proportion of habitats that contained larvae was assessed through the local Moran's I indicator of spatial association. Principal Findings More than 70% of larval habitats in Dar es Salaam were human-made. Aquatic habitats associated with agriculture had the highest proportion of Anopheles larvae presence and the second highest of Culex larvae presence. However, the majority of aquatic habitats were drains (42%), and therefore, 43% (1,364/3,149) of all culicine and 33% (320/976) of all anopheline positive habitats were drains. Compared with drains where water was flowing at normal velocity, the odds of finding Anopheles and Culex larvae were 8.8 and 6.3 (p Author Summary Lymphatic filariasis and malaria are endemic in Dar es Salaam and partially share common vectors, but no synergy exists between their control programs. The vast majority of mosquito breeding habitats in the city is human-made, and therefore could be mitigated through the implementation of a community-based vector control program accompanied by an educational campaign to sensitize the population and promote behavior change. Of particular importance are clogged drains and ditches with stagnant water, which are the most common larval habitat in the city. This problem could be addressed by an environmental management intervention in order to restore and maintain the functionality of drains. Such intervention can potentially contribute to reduce vector-borne disease transmission, but also promote an overall healthier environment, particularly improving the situation of those living under slum conditions, as proposed by the Millennium Development Goal 7. A synergy between efforts to control lymphatic filariasis and malaria, identifying common strategies, combining monitoring activities, optimizing the use of limited financial resources, and carefully evaluating the cost-effectiveness of the joint venture would not only contribute to current goals of lymphatic filariasis and malaria elimination, but also provide important lessons for future integrated control efforts. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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