Fungicides:An Overlooked Pesticide Class?
| Autor: | Carsten A. Brühl, Jes J. Rasmussen, Sebastian Stehle, Mirco Bundschuh, Jochen P. Zubrod, Gertie Arts, Ralf Schulz, Kelly L. Smalling, Sylvain Payraudeau, Andreas Scharmüller, Gwenaël Imfeld, Jason R. Rohr, Anja Knäbel, Ralf B. Schäfer |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2019 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Risk Assessment
010501 environmental sciences 01 natural sciences Environmental protection Animals Environmental Chemistry Life Science Ecosystem Environmental impact assessment Pesticides 0105 earth and related environmental sciences business.industry Aquatic ecosystem Critical Review General Chemistry Pesticide Invertebrates Fungicides Industrial Macrophyte Fungicide Agriculture Environmental science Risk assessment business Water Pollutants Chemical |
| Zdroj: | Zubrod, J P, Bundschuh, M, Arts, G, Brühl, C A, Imfeld, G, Knäbel, A, Payraudeau, S, Rasmussen, J J, Rohr, J, Scharmüller, A, Smalling, K, Stehle, S, Schulz, R & Schäfer, R B 2019, ' Fungicides : An Overlooked Pesticide Class? ', Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 3347-3365 . https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04392 Environmental Science and Technology 53 (2019) 7 Environmental Science and Technology, 53(7), 3347-3365 Environmental Science & Technology |
| ISSN: | 0013-936X |
| DOI: | 10.1021/acs.est.8b04392 |
| Popis: | Fungicides are indispensable to global food security and their use is forecasted to intensify. Fungicides can reach aquatic ecosystems and occur in surface water bodies in agricultural catchments throughout the entire growing season due to their frequent, prophylactic application. However, in comparison to herbicides and insecticides, the exposure to and effects of fungicides have received less attention. We provide an overview of the risk of fungicides to aquatic ecosystems covering fungicide exposure (i.e., environmental fate, exposure modeling, and mitigation measures) as well as direct and indirect effects of fungicides on microorganisms, macrophytes, invertebrates, and vertebrates. We show that fungicides occur widely in aquatic systems, that the accuracy of predicted environmental concentrations is debatable, and that fungicide exposure can be effectively mitigated. We additionally demonstrate that fungicides can be highly toxic to a broad range of organisms and can pose a risk to aquatic biota. Finally, we outline central research gaps that currently challenge our ability to predict fungicide exposure and effects, promising research avenues, and shortcomings of the current environmental risk assessment for fungicides. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
| Externí odkaz: |
|