Fast and automated monitoring of gadolinium-based contrast agents in surface waters
| Autor: | Michael R. Sperling, C. Derrick Quarles, Marcel Macke, Uwe Karst |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2021 |
| Předmět: |
Gadolinium DTPA
Environmental Engineering Gadolinium Ion chromatography chemistry.chemical_element Contrast Media Mass spectrometry Rivers Calibration Organometallic Compounds media_common.cataloged_instance Humans European union Waste Management and Disposal Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Water Science and Technology Civil and Structural Engineering media_common Detection limit Chromatography Ecological Modeling Pollution Magnetic Resonance Imaging chemistry Surface water |
| Zdroj: | Water research. 207 |
| ISSN: | 1879-2448 |
| Popis: | Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are frequently used for magnetic resonance imaging to improve image contrast. These inert complexes are excreted unmetabolized from the human body and pass through wastewater treatment plants almost unaffected, leading to a significant release of anthropogenic Gd into the environment. However, long-term ecotoxicological effects of GBCAs are mainly unknown and thus powerful methods of speciation analysis are required to monitor their distribution and fate in aquatic systems. In this work, a rapid and efficient monitoring method was developed utilizing a fully automated single platform system for total metal analysis and syringe-driven chromatography in combination with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). An anion-exchange chromatography (IC) method was developed and applied to achieve a rapid separation and sensitive detection of the five complexes Gd-HP-DO3A, Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DOTA, Gd-DTPA, and Gd-BOPTA that are commonly administered in the European Union. Furthermore, the use of an automated inline-dilution function allowed a fast-external calibration from single stock standards. A chromatographic run time of less than 2 min and species-specific detection limits between 11 and 19 pmol L−1 on a quadrupole ICP-MS proved to be competitive compared to previously published methods, but without the use of aerosol drying and/or sector field ICP-MS to enhance sensitivity. The automated IC-ICP-MS method was applied for quantitative GBCA monitoring in a multitude of surface water samples that were obtained in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The complexes Gd-HP-DO3A, Gd-BT-DO3A, and Gd-DOTA, were detected and quantified. In addition, the occurrence of an unidentified Gd species was observed for one of the sampled river systems. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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