Emissions and atmospheric processes influence the chemical composition and toxicological properties of urban air particulate matter in Nanjing, China
| Autor: | Antti Ruuskanen, Kari Kuuspalo, Stefanie Kasurinen, Mika Komppula, Olli Väisänen, Hanna Koponen, Teemu J. Rönkkö, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Qin'geng Wang, Olli Sippula, Jarno Ruusunen, Cheng Gu, Jorma Jokiniemi, Liqing Hao, Pasi Jalava, Yu Zhao, Ari Leskinen, Die Fang, Maija-Riitta Hirvonen, Jürgen Orasche, Mikko S. Happo, Lei Zhang |
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| Jazyk: | němčina |
| Rok vydání: | 2018 |
| Předmět: |
Environmental Engineering
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences Chemistry Inflammatory response Air pollution 010501 environmental sciences Particulates medicine.disease_cause Air Pollution Cytotoxicity Genotoxicity Inflammation In Vitro Toxicology 01 natural sciences Pollution 3. Good health Aerosol 13. Climate action Environmental chemistry 11. Sustainability medicine Environmental Chemistry Waste Management and Disposal Chemical composition 0105 earth and related environmental sciences |
| Zdroj: | Sci. Total Environ. 639, 1290-1310 (2018) |
| Popis: | Ambient inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a serious health concern worldwide, but especially so in China where high PM concentrations affect huge populations. Atmospheric processes and emission sources cause spatial and temporal variations in PM concentration and chemical composition, but their influence on the toxicological characteristics of PM are still inadequately understood. In this study, we report an extensive chemical and toxicological characterization of size-segregated urban air inhalable PM collected in August and October 2013 from Nanjing, and assess the effects of atmospheric processes and likely emission sources. A549 human alveolar epithelial cells were exposed to day- and nighttime PM samples (25, 75, 150, 200, 300 μg/ml) followed by analyses of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, cell cycle, and inflammatory response. PM10–2.5 and PM0.2 caused the greatest toxicological responses for different endpoints, illustrating that particles with differing size and chemical composition activate distinct toxicological pathways in A549 cells. PM10–2.5 displayed the greatest oxidative stress and genotoxic responses; both were higher for the August samples compared with October. In contrast, PM0.2 and PM2.5–1.0 samples displayed high cytotoxicity and substantially disrupted cell cycle; August samples were more cytotoxic whereas October samples displayed higher cell cycle disruption. Several components associated with combustion, traffic, and industrial emissions displayed strong correlations with these toxicological responses. The lower responses for PM1.0–0.2 compared to PM0.2 and PM2.5–1.0 indicate diminished toxicological effects likely due to aerosol aging and lower proportion of fresh emission particles rich in highly reactive chemical components in the PM1.0–0.2 fraction. Different emission sources and atmospheric processes caused variations in the chemical composition and toxicological responses between PM fractions, sampling campaigns, and day and night. The results indicate different toxicological pathways for coarse-mode particles compared to the smaller particle fractions with typically higher content of combustion-derived components. The variable responses inside PM fractions demonstrate that differences in chemical composition influence the induced toxicological responses. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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