Presence of psychoactive substances in oral fluid from randomly selected drivers in Denmark
| Autor: | K. Wiese Simonsen, Inger Marie Bernhoft, Tove Hels, Brian Schou Rasmussen, Anni Steentoft, Kristian Linnet |
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| Rok vydání: | 2012 |
| Předmět: |
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
Adult Male Drugged and drunk driving Automobile Driving Denmark Illicit drugs Poison control Pharmacology Pathology and Forensic Medicine Danish Forensic Toxicology Young Adult Age Distribution Environmental health Injury prevention Medicinal drugs Humans Medicine Sex Distribution Oral fluid Saliva Tetrahydrocannabinol Driving under the influence Aged Zopiclone Psychotropic Drugs Ethanol alcohol Illicit Drugs business.industry Road site celebrities Codeine Central Nervous System Depressants Middle Aged language.human_language Substance Abuse Detection celebrities.reason_for_arrest Breath Tests language Female Tramadol business Law medicine.drug |
| Zdroj: | University of Copenhagen Simonsen, K W, Steentoft, A, Hels, T, Bernhoft, I M, Rasmussen, B S & Linnet, K 2012, ' Presence of psychoactive substances in oral fluid from randomly selected drivers in Denmark. ', Forensic Science International, vol. 221, pp. 33-38 . |
| ISSN: | 0379-0738 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.021 |
| Popis: | A B S T R A C T This roadside study is the Danish part of the EU-project DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol, and Medicines) and included three representative regions in Denmark. Oral fluid samples (n = 3002) were collected randomly from drivers using a sampling scheme stratified by time, season, and road type. The oral fluid samples were screened for 29 illegal and legal psychoactive substances and metabolites as well as ethanol. Fourteen (0.5%) drivers were positive for ethanol (alone or in combination with drugs) at concentrations above 0.53 g/l, which is the Danish legal limit. The percentage of drivers positive for medicinal drugs above the Danish legal concentration limit was 0.4%; while, 0.3% of the drivers tested positive for one or more illicit drug at concentrations exceeding the Danish legal limit. Tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, and amphetamine were the most frequent illicit drugs detected above the limit of quantitation (LOQ); while, codeine, tramadol, zopiclone, and benzodiazepines were the most frequent legal drugs. Middle aged men (median age 47.5 years) dominated the drunk driving group, while the drivers positive for illegal drugs consisted mainly of young men (median age 26 years). Middle aged women (median age 44.5 years) often tested positive for benzodiazepines at concentrations exceeding the legal limits. Interestingly, 0.6% of drivers tested positive for tramadol, at concentrations above the DRUID cut off; although, tramadol is not included in the Danish list of narcotic drugs. It can be concluded that driving under the influence of drugs is as serious a road safety problem as drunk driving. 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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