Emerging and legacy flame retardants in UK human milk and food suggest slow response to restrictions on use of PBDEs and HBCDD
Autor: | Mireille B. Toledano, Fang Tao, Stuart Harrad, Philippa Douglas, Danielle C. Ashworth, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah |
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Přispěvatelé: | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust- BRC Funding |
Rok vydání: | 2017 |
Předmět: |
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
010501 environmental sciences Brominated flame retardants 01 natural sciences chemistry.chemical_compound Eating Polybrominated diphenyl ethers SOUTH CHINA Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers Ingestion Slow response lcsh:Environmental sciences TISSUE DISTRIBUTION General Environmental Science Flame Retardants lcsh:GE1-350 Dietary intake Data Collection Human milk JUVENILE RAINBOW-TROUT Dust Human exposure Hydrocarbons Brominated Environmental chemistry Body Burden Female Life Sciences & Biomedicine Environmental Monitoring Adult South china POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS Environmental Sciences & Ecology Body weight Emerging flame retardants Animal science EXTERNAL EXPOSURE MD Multidisciplinary DIETARY EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Humans Tissue distribution 0105 earth and related environmental sciences Hexabromocyclododecane Science & Technology DECABROMODIPHENYL ETHANE Milk Human Nursing infant POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS Body Weight Infant IN-HOUSE DUST United Kingdom Diet chemistry Food FIREMASTER(R) 550 Environmental Sciences Food Analysis |
Zdroj: | Environment International, Vol 105, Iss, Pp 95-104 (2017) |
ISSN: | 1873-6750 |
Popis: | The legacy flame retardants (LFRs) polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), together with six emerging flame retardants (EFRs) were measured in United Kingdom (UK) human milk collected in 2010 (n=25) and 2014–15 (n=10). These data are the first report of the presence of EFRs in UK human milk. The most abundant EFR was β-tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (DBE-DBCH) (average=2.5ng/g lw; geometric mean=1.5ng/g lw), which is comparable to the concentrations of the most abundant LFRs i.e. BDE 47 and α-HBCDD at 2.8 and 2.1ng/g lw, respectively (geometric mean=2.1 and 1.7). The estimated median dietary intake of ΣEFRs by UK nursing infants was 18ng/kg bw/day. EFRs were also measured in UK foodstuffs with β-DBE-DBCH again the predominant compound detected, accounting – on average – for 64.5±23.4% of ΣEFRs. Average estimated dietary intakes of ∑EFRs in the UK were 89 and 26ng/day (1.3 and 2.6ng/body weight/day) for adults and toddlers, respectively. Concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs in our UK food samples exceeded those reported in UK samples from the same food categories collected in 2003–04 and 2006. Despite this and our recent report elsewhere of significant temporal declines in concentrations of BDE 209 in UK indoor dust (p0.05) were observed between concentrations of Σtri-hexa BDEs, BDE 209 and HBCDDs in human milk sampled in 2010 and those obtained in 2014–15. UK adult body burdens for EFRs were predicted via inhalation, diet and dust ingestion using a simple pharmacokinetic model. The predicted EFR body burdens compared well with observed concentrations in human milk. Keywords: Emerging flame retardants, Brominated flame retardants, Human exposure, Human milk, Diet, Nursing infant |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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