Public Health, Climate, and Economic Impacts of Desulfurizing Jet Fuel
| Autor: | Jamin Koo, Steve Hung Lam Yim, Saravanan Arunachalam, Robert M. Yantosca, Jonathan I. Levy, Fong Ngan, Robert M. Malina, Stephen R. Kuhn, Daewon W. Byun, Christoph Wollersheim, Matthew N. Pearlson, James I. Hileman, Ian A. Waitz, Olivier Dessens, Daniel J. Jacob, Sathya Balasubramanian, Amos P. K. Tai, Eric M. Leibensperger, Steven R. H. Barrett, Akshay Ashok, Xiangshang Li, Gregg G Fleming, Christopher K. Gilmore, Lee T. Murray, Hsin Min Wong, Francis S. Binkowski |
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| Rok vydání: | 2012 |
| Předmět: |
Pollution
Climate Change Cost-Benefit Analysis media_common.quotation_subject Sulfur Oxides Air pollution chemistry.chemical_element Jet fuel engineering.material medicine.disease_cause chemistry.chemical_compound Air Pollution medicine Humans Environmental Chemistry Aviation fuel Sulfate media_common Air Pollutants Uncertainty Environmental engineering General Chemistry Models Theoretical Particulates Radiative forcing Sulfur Hydrocarbons chemistry engineering Environmental science Particulate Matter |
| Zdroj: | Environmental Science & Technology. 46:4275-4282 |
| ISSN: | 1520-5851 0013-936X |
| Popis: | In jurisdictions including the US and the EU ground transportation and marine fuels have recently been required to contain lower concentrations of sulfur, which has resulted in reduced atmospheric SO(x) emissions. In contrast, the maximum sulfur content of aviation fuel has remained unchanged at 3000 ppm (although sulfur levels average 600 ppm in practice). We assess the costs and benefits of a potential ultra-low sulfur (15 ppm) jet fuel standard ("ULSJ"). We estimate that global implementation of ULSJ will cost US$1-4bn per year and prevent 900-4000 air quality-related premature mortalities per year. Radiative forcing associated with reduction in atmospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium loading is estimated at +3.4 mW/m(2) (equivalent to about 1/10th of the warming due to CO(2) emissions from aviation) and ULSJ increases life cycle CO(2) emissions by approximately 2%. The public health benefits are dominated by the reduction in cruise SO(x) emissions, so a key uncertainty is the atmospheric modeling of vertical transport of pollution from cruise altitudes to the ground. Comparisons of modeled and measured vertical profiles of CO, PAN, O(3), and (7)Be indicate that this uncertainty is low relative to uncertainties regarding the value of statistical life and the toxicity of fine particulate matter. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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