Chulacarus elegans Fuangarworn, Lekprayoon & Butcher, 2016, n. sp

Autor: Fuangarworn, Marut, Lekprayoon, Chariya, Butcher, Buntika Areekul
Rok vydání: 2016
Předmět:
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6058355
Popis: Chulacarus elegans n. sp. (Figs. 1���14) Adult Female. Color in alcohol pale yellow. Body length (from apex of naso to posterior end of idiosoma; n = 5) 405 (370���450). Body width (greatest width at the level of seta c 2) 230 (215���245). Idiosoma (Fig. 1 A) ovoid, ca. two times longer than wide, posterior end rounded. Gnathosoma (Figs. 1 A, 3). Subcapitulum 121 (115���125) long, 139 (140���150) wide; integument striate; subapically on lateral lips with 2 pairs of short thickened and truncated adoral setae (or 1 and or 2); subcapitular setae n and m simple, seta n located laterally, seta m located ventrally. Ventral lip (labium) present, short triangular; dorsal lip (labrum) triangular in outline, appearing smooth. Supracoxal seta ep small, rod-like. Palp (Figs. 3 A, D��� E) 4 -segmented: trochanter very short, femur and genu fused, 60 (55���65) long, 40 (35���45) wide, with 2 barbed filiform setae (dF and dG); tibia with well developed terminal claw, 2 simple setae (l��� and l���) and 1 thickened blunt seta d (= accessory claw); tarsus reduced, knob-like, situated at subterminal position on tibia (forming a ���thumbclaw��� complex structure), with 8 setae (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) and one short rod-like solenidion (��); setae 3 and 5 eupathidial. Chelicera (Fig. 3 B���C) 104 (100���110) long, greatest width at shaft base 47 (45���50), and relatively flat; cheliceral seta cha short and simple, located laterally; seta chb thicker, about twice as long as cha, located more anterior-medially; movable digit hook-like; fixed digit absent, replaced by membranous hyaline process through which a short slender styliform process pierces out (Fig. 3 C). Two pairs of stigmatic openings present: paraxial stigmata (st��), between base of chelicerae and produced on to linear, segmented peritremes; peritremes, not elevated, transversely passing on dorsum of cheliceral bases and ending at their lateral face; subcheliceral stigmata (sti) at normal position, opening as simple broad slit and leading to tracheal trunk which narrows to join tracheal trunk of st�� (Fig. 4 A���B), forming X-shaped tracheal system. Idiosoma (Figs. 1, 2 A). Integument with striation as illustrated; dorsally, with prodorsal shield, 102 (100���105) long and 119 (105���130) wide, smooth, subrectangular in shape, anterior margin concaved. Naso present, surface smooth and separated from prodorsal shield by narrow striae (Fig. 4 C). Four pairs of prodorsal setae (vi, ve, sci and sce) of which 2 pairs (vi and sci) trichobothrial; all these setae filiform and finely barbed. Trichobothrium vi situated posterior to naso, its bothridium with (2���3) or without radial chambers (Fig. 4 C). Trichobothrium sci, 84 (80���90) long, situated on anterior margin of prodorsal shield, usually on striae, its bothridium larger than that of vi, and with 3���5 radial chambers (Fig. 4 C). Seta ve 50 (40���55) long, situated on anterior corner of shield. Seta sce 105 (100���110) long, situated near halfway of lateral margin of shield. One pair of small lens-like eyes present on membrane postero-lateral to sce (Fig. 1 A, ocellus); a pair of internal spots present, posterior to lateral eyes; median eye under naso not observed. With 13 pairs of hysterosomal setae (c 1, c 2, d 1, e 1, f 1, h 1, h 2, ps 1, ps 2, ps 3, ad 1, ad 2 and ad 3), all filiform, finely barbed and on small platelets. Their lengths: c 1 63 (55 ���75), c 2 108 (100���115), d 1 67 (60���75), e 1 68 (65��� 75), f 1 75 (70���85), h 1 69 (65���75), h 2 64 (60���75), ps 1 67 (65���70), ps 2 53 (50���60), ps 3 45 (40���55), ad 1 37 (35���40), ad 2 41 (40���45), ad 3 39 (40���45). With 4 pairs of lyrifissures (ia, im, ip and ih) at normal position (Figs. 1, 2 A). Anal opening terminal, anal valve devoid of setae. Epimeral region. Coxal plates smooth; membrane striated (Fig. 1 B). Coxal plates I and II contiguous on either side but separated medially by soft membrane as are coxal plates III and IV. Coxal plates II and III separated by transverse band of sejugal cuticle. Apodeme 1 (apo. 1) triangular in form, well developed and deeper than apodemes 2���4. Coxal setae slender and finely barbed; coxal setation: 4 ��� 2���3 ��� 2; setae 1 b, 1 d longest. Genital region (Fig. 1 B). Genital opening 107 (100���115) long, with well defined genital valve, 6 or 7 pairs of genital setae (ca. 20���25) arranged in longitudinal row, and 3 or 4 pairs of aggenital setae (ca. 25���27). Ovipositor (Fig. 4 D) present usually with 5 pairs of eugenital setae: eug 1���5 on superimposed tubercle; eug 1���4 (about 8���12 long) widely spaced, sometimes eug 4 absent; eug 5 (about 5 long) coupled to its pair. Genital papillae small, hard to discern, 8���10 pairs, presumably multiplied from typical three pairs of genital papillae (Va, V m and Vp); setae k 2 and k 3 present, seta k 1 not discernable (Fig. 4 D). Legs (Figs. 5���6). Integument smooth. All legs shorter than idiosoma. Leg I raptorial, relatively large and robust, about two times wider than other legs; hinge joints on antiaxial side and extensive arthrodial membrane on paraxial face. All femora and tarsi undivided. Leg lengths (from base of trochanter to distal end of tarsus, excluding apotele): I 239 (225���250), II 194 (175���210), III 204 (190���215) and IV 235 (220���245). Supracoxal seta e 1 short rod-like. Setation of legs I���IV (famulus included, solenidia in brackets): trochanters 1 - 1 - 1 - 1, femora 6 - 4 - 3 - 3, genua 10 - 5 - 5 - 5, tibiae 10 (2)- 4 / 5 (2)- 4 (2)- 4 (1), and tarsi 16 (1)- 13 (1)- 9 / 10-11. For leg I, tarsus shorter than tibia, and genu longest. Most leg setae filiform and finely barbed, except some setae on leg I: genual seta l���, tibial setae l���, l 1 ��� and l 2 ��� and tarsal setae pl���, pv��� and v���, being bipectinate (Fig. 6 A). Solenidion �� 1 of tarsus I rod-like, situated laterally on segment and coupled with famulus ε, which is spiniform and birefringent. Solenidia �� 1 and �� 2 on tibiae I���III rod-like; �� 1 distal while �� 2 proximal to middle of segment. Solenidion �� 1 of tarsi II short, rod-like, also coupled with famulus ε. Solenidion �� 2 of tibia IV short, rod-like, situated proximal to middle of segment. Pretarsus I with unequal claws, adaxial claw longer, each serrated along basal half of adaxial face (Fig. 5 A), i.e. unipectinate; empodium absent; pretarsi II���IV with normal claws, smooth, and claw-like empodium. Male. Unknown. Ontogeny (Figs. 7���14). Size. Larva (n = 1, Figs. 7���8): body length (including gnathosoma) 315 long, 195 wide. Protonymph (n = 2, Figs. 9���11) 370 (350���390) long, 180 (170���195) wide. Deutonymph unknown (among the specimens collected, deutonymphs were absent; the individuals identified as tritonymph (below) are based on their size which is rather close to that of adults, and on a similar number of genital papillae). Tritonymph (n = 2, Figs. 12��� 14) 488 (475���500) long, 233 (225���240) wide. Gnathosoma. Similar to adult except chelicera with 1 simple seta cha in larva (Fig. 7 C), 2 in protonymph (chb added) and later instars; lateral lips with 1 pair of adoral setae of adult form in larva, 2 pairs in protonymph (or 2 added). Idiosoma. Similar to adult except naso distinctly pointed in larva and nymphs; 10 pairs dorsal hysterosomal setae in larva (c 1, c 2, d 1, e 1, f 1, h 1, h 2, ps 1, ps 2 and ps 3), 13 pairs in protonymph (ad 1���3 added) and later instars. Lengths of dorsal setae: larva, vi 60, ve 33, sci 63, sce 65, c 1 70, c 2 80, d 1 50, e 1 50, f 1 57, h 1 53, h 2 50, ps 1 28, ps 2 27 and ps 3 25; protonymph: vi 55 (50���60), ve 38 (35���40), sci 67 (65���70), sce 78 (75���80), c 1 53 (50���55), c 2 90 (85���95), d 1 55 (50���60), e 1 50 (50), f 1 53 (50���55), h 1 50 (50), h 2 53 (50���55), ps 1 30 (30), ps 2 30 (30), ps 3 33 (30��� 35), ad 1 23 (20���25), ad 2 23 (20���25) and ad 3 23 (20���25); tritonymph: vi 73 (70���75), ve 45 (45), sci 70 (65���75), sce 95 (90���100), c 1 60 (55���65), c 2 88 (88), d 1 65 (60���70), e 1 60 (55���65), f 1 65 (60���70), h 1 68 (65���70), h 2 ca. 55, ps 1 ca. 33, ps 2 40 (40), ps 3 35, ad 1 30 (30), ad 2 33 (30���35), and ad 3 30 (30). Epimeral region. Similar to adult except coxal setae formula 3 - 1-2 in larva (Fig. 7 B); urstigmata present between coxae I and II, having circular head and covered by scale of coxa I (= scaliform seta 1 c); 3 - 1-3 -0 in protonymph, seta 1 c becoming setiform and 3 c added; 4 - 2-3 - 2 in tritonymph (1 d, 2 b, 4 a, 4 b added but their origin, deutonymphal or tritonymphal, uncertain). Homology of coxal setae depicted in Figs. 7 B, 9 B, 12 B. Genital region. Genital opening absent in larva, present in later instars; genital setae absent in larva, 1 pair (g) present in protonymph, ca. 15 long, and tritonymph, ca. 18 long. Aggenital setae absent in larva and protonymph; 2 pairs (ag 1���2) present in tritonymph, ca. 20���23 long. Genital papillae present in protonymph (but exact numbers could not be determined due to their extremely small size and hard to discern); and 7���8 pairs in tritonymph (Fig. 12 D). Legs. Generally similar to adult in form, larva with 3 pairs of legs, 4 pairs in later instars. Larval pretarsi II���III, and protonymphal pretarsus IV tridactyle, with smooth claws and slender, claw-like empodium, which becomes smaller in later instars. Lengths of legs: larva, leg I 125, leg II 115, leg III 128; protonymph, I 165 (160���170), II 128 (125���130), III 143 (140���145) and IV 143 (140���150); tritonymph, I 200 (200), II 150 (150), III 173 (170���175) and IV 188 (185���190). Setation of legs I���III (famulus included, solenidia in brackets) in larva: trochanters 0-0-0, femora 6 - 3 - 3, genua 5 - 5 - 5, tibiae 7 (2)- 4 (2)- 4 (2), and tarsi 13 (1)- 12 (1)- 9; on leg I, genual seta l���, tibial seta l���, tarsal setae pl��� and pv��� strongly thickened and bipectinate (Fig. 8 A���B); tarsal setae p��� and p��� eupathidial, tc��� coupled with p��� (their alveoli touch). Protonymph: trochanters 1 - 1 - 1 -0; femora 6 - 3 - 3 -0; genua 7 - 5 - 5 -0; tibiae 8 (2)- 4 (2)- 4 (2)-0 and tarsi 15 (1)- 12 (1)- 9 - 7; on tarsus I, a��� added as eupathidion, tc��� dissociated from eupathidion p��� and becoming more distal; small seta a��� added and coupled with eupathidion p��� (their alveoli touch). Tritonymph: trochanter 1 - 1 - 1 - 1; femora 7 - 4 - 3 - 3; genua 8 - 5 - 5 - 5; tibiae 9 (2)- 4 (2)- 4 (2)- 4 (1); tarsi 16 (1)- 13 (1)- 10-11. Homology of leg setae depicted in Figs. 8, 10���11, 13��� 14. Addition of leg setae during development summarized in Table 1. TABLE 1. Ontogeny of the leg setae of Chulacarus elegans n. sp. 1 1 Placement indicates instar of 1 st appearance; dash indicates no change and parentheses indicates a given pair. Abbreviations: La, larva; Pn, protonymph; Dn, deutonymph; Tn, tritonymph; Ad, adult. 2 The deutonymphs are not available, so setal and solenidial origin in tritonymph are uncertain as to whether they are deuto- or tritonymphal in origin. Material examined. Female holotype (slide mounted): THAILAND, Tak Prov., Srisawad Dist., Sam-Ngoa Subdist., RSPG Forest Reserves at Bhumibol Dam (17 �� 14 ' 46.87 "N, 98 �� 59 ' 45.66 "E); ex. forest litter; 2 -III- 2008; leg. M. Fuangarworn (Field No. MF 2008 - 9). Six female paratypes: (2 slide-mounted and 4 in alcohol); One female paratype (slide-mounted), same data as holotype except on 8 -IX- 2007 and leg. Ekachai Jirathitikul. One female paratype (slide-mounted); Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Pakthongchai District, Nakorn-Ratchasima Province; ex. Soil; 19 -I- 1975; leg. Samrit. Three tritonymphs (all slide-mounted), four protonymphs (2 slide-mounted and 2 in alcohol) and one larva (slide-mounted) with same data as holotype. Most of type materials are deposited in the Acarology collection of the Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History, Bangkok, Thailand. One female paratype will be deposited in the Acarology Collection of the Ohio State University, Columbus, USA. Etymology. The specific epithet is from the Latin elegans, meaning ���elegant���. Distribution. Known only from Thailand: Nakorn-Ratchasima and Tak Provinces (Fig. 2 C). Morphological notes. The selected characters of Chulacarus elegans that are unusual or relevant for further comparisons in the next section are discussed below. Most comparisons are made against the members of Anystae, in which the new taxon probably belongs and, unless other sources are indicated, are based on the original descriptions, reviewed and revisionary studies (below), along with overviews by Walter et al. (2009) and unpublished observations by the authors on the representatives of each family collected in Thailand. Adamystidae: Ueckermann (1989); Fuangarworn and Lekprayoon (2010); Fuangarworn et al. (2012); Fernandez et al. (2014); Coineau et al. (2006); unpublished observations on Adamystis sp., adults, deutonymphs and tritonymphs. Anystidae: Grandjean (1943); Meyer and Ueckermann (1987); Otto (1992, 1999a, 1999 b, 1999 c, 2000); unpublished observations on Anystis sp., all active stages, Erythracarus sp., all active stages, Tarsotomus sp., adults. Caeculidae: Coineau (1974 a and references therein, 1974 b); Otto (1993); Mangov�� et al. (2014); Ott and Ott (2014); Taylor et al. (2013); Taylor (2014); Fuangarworn and Butcher (2015 b); unpublished observations on Microcaeculus sp., all juveniles stages. Paratydeidae: Theron et al. (1969); Kuznetzov (1974); Seeman and Walter (1999); D��nel et al. (2012); Khanjani et al. (2014); unpublished observations on Tanytydeus sp., all active stages, Scolotydaeus sp., adult. Pomerantziidae: Fan and Chen (2005); Bochkov and Walter (2007); unpublished observations on Pomerantzia sp., all active stages. Pseudocheylidae: Baker and Atyeo (1964); Van Dis and Ueckermann (1991); Ueckermann and Khanjani (2004); Novaei-Bonab et al. (2011); Bagheri et al. (2013); Skvarla et al. (2013); Khanjani et al. (2014); Khaustov and Tolstikov (2015); Fuangarworn and Butcher (2015 a). Stigmocheylidae: Bochkov (2008); unpublished observations on Stigmocheylus sp., all post-larval stages. Teneriffiidae: Ehara (1965); Strandtmann (1965); Shiba and Furukawa (1975); McDaniel et al. (1976); Luxton (1993); Judson (1994, 1995); Ueckermann and Khanjani (2002); Khanjani et al. (2011); Bernardi et al. (2012); Khanjani et al. (2013); unpublished observations on Austroteneriffia sp., all active stages. 1. Ventral lip. The presence of a ventral lip (labium) in Chulacarus elegans (Fig. 3 A) is considered retention of a plesiomorphic state exhibited in the early derivative lineages of Acariformes (Lindquist & Palacios-Vargas 1991; Jesionowska 2003). Among the members of Anystae, this labial structure is known only in Adamystidae (Coineau & Naudo 1986) and the erythracarine Anystidae (Otto 1999 a; pers. obs.). 2. Adoral setae. Regardless of their lengths, the adoral setae are usually similar in form with the subcapitular setae. In Chulacarus elegans, the adoral setae are thickened and truncated opposed to the slender subcapitular setae (Fig. 3 A). This form of the adoral setae is also found in all known species of Teneriffiidae. The specialization of these setae is present in Pseudocheylidae (they are minute, spine-like) and Pomerantziidae (spine-like inserted without alveolus, apparently immobile). Other members of Anystae (i.e. Adamystidae, Anystidae, Caeculidae, Paratydeidae, and Stigmocheylidae) have the adoral setae similar in shape to the subcapitular setae. 3. Cheliceral stylet. Judson (1994, 1995) reported the presence of a cuticular stylet, probably representing a duct of the cheliceral glands (Judson 1994), on the hyaline process of the chelicerae in the teneriffiid genera Neoteneriffiola and Austroteneriffia. Chulacarus elegans has such a stylet in the similar form: slender, sigmoid and pointing downward; and its tip protrudes from the hyaline process (Fig. 3 C). However, there are no records of its absence or presence in other members of Anystae, but based on our preliminary observations this cheliceral stylet is absent in most of the representatives of each family examined. An exception is the Pseudocheylidae which possess a similar structure but its tip is remarkably expanded and not protruded from the hyaline process (Fuangarworn & Butcher 2015 a). The genus Adamystis (Adamystidae) has a forked process at the cheliceral tip; it is interpreted as a remnant of the fixed-digit. 4. Cheliceral setae. Primitively, the chelicerae bear two setae: cha and chb, and both are larval. Chulacarus elegans has two cheliceral setae but they are developmentally unusual: only cha first forms in the larva, chb is then added in the protonymph (Figs. 7 C, 9 C). The delay of chb has not been previously reported in other families of Anystae having two cheliceral setae. 5. Palptibial claws. In addition to the terminal ���thumb��� claw, Chulacarus elegans has one subterminal accessory claw on the palptibia and this accessory claw is larval (Figs. 3 D, 7 E���F). This developmental aspect among Anystae whose juveniles are described is known in Pomerantziidae, and possibly Stigmocheylidae (larva unknown). Teneriffiidae and Pseudocheylidae also have larval, but two, accessory claws. In the anystid subfamily Anystinae, the two accessory claws are added in the
Published as part of Fuangarworn, Marut, Lekprayoon, Chariya & Butcher, Buntika Areekul, 2016, Chulacaridae, a new family of prostigmatic mites (Acari, Trombidiformes) from Thailand, pp. 527-552 in Zootaxa 4061 (5) on pages 529-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4061.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/257091
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