Context-specific effects of genetic variants associated with autoimmune disease

Autor: Cisca Wijmenga, Iris Jonkers
Jazyk: angličtina
Rok vydání: 2017
Předmět:
0301 basic medicine
Genotype
Quantitative Trait Loci
Genome-wide association study
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
Autoimmunity
Disease
Autoimmune Diseases/etiology
Biology
Polymorphism
Single Nucleotide

Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
Autoimmune Diseases
Arthritis
Rheumatoid

03 medical and health sciences
Risk Factors
Genetic variation
Genetics
medicine
Humans
Invited Reviews
Gene Regulatory Networks
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Polymorphism
Molecular Biology
Genetics (clinical)
Genetic association
Autoimmune disease
Arthritis
Genetic Variation
Rheumatoid/genetics
General Medicine
medicine.disease
3. Good health
030104 developmental biology
Gene Expression Regulation
Genetic Variation/genetics
Autoimmunity/genetics
Single Nucleotide/genetics
Common disease-common variant
Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics
Genome-Wide Association Study
Zdroj: Human Molecular Genetics
ISSN: 0964-6906
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx254
Popis: Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and coeliac disease are typical examples of complex genetic diseases caused by a combination of genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Insight into the genetic risk factors (single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) has increased since genome-wide association studies (GWAS) became possible in 2007 and, for individual diseases, SNPs can now explain some 15–50% of genetic risk. GWAS have also shown that some 50% of the genetic risk factors for individual autoimmune diseases overlap between different diseases. Thus, shared risk factors may converge to pathways that, when perturbed by genetic variation, predispose to autoimmunity in general. This raises the question of what determines disease specificity, and suggests that identical risk factors may have different effects in various autoimmune diseases. Addressing this question requires translation of genetic risk factors to causal genes and then to molecular and cellular pathways. Since >90% of the genetic risk factors are found in the non-coding part of the genome (i.e. outside the exons of protein-coding genes) and can have an impact on gene regulation, there is an urgent need to better understand the non-coding part of the genome. Here, we will outline the methods being used to unravel the gene regulatory networks perturbed in autoimmune diseases and the importance of doing this in the relevant cell types. We will highlight findings in coeliac disease, which manifests in the small intestine, to demonstrate how cell type and disease context can impact on the consequences of genetic risk factors.
Databáze: OpenAIRE