The multifaceted exosome: Biogenesis, role in normal and aberrant cellular function, and frontiers for pharmacological and biomarker opportunities

Autor: Holly Hilton, Michael E. Burczynski, Saumya Pant
Rok vydání: 2012
Předmět:
AQP1
aquaporin 1
miRNA or miR
micro RNA
SNAREs
SNAP (soluble NSF attachment protein) receptor
HLA-DR
MHC class II cell surface receptor
Cell
Exosomes
Biochemistry
APCs
antigen presenting cells
MIF
macrophage migration inhibitory factor
iDex
immature D cell derived exosomes
I/R
ischemia reperfusion
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
DC
dendritic cell
GTPase
guanosine triphosphatase
TSG101
Rab GTPases
“Ras-related in brain” GTPase
Secretome
TGF
tumor growth factor
TNF
tumor necrosis factor
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
CXCL5
C-X-C motif chemokine 5
VEGF
vascular endothelial growth factor
mRNA
messenger RNA
MVB
multivesicular bodies
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
medicine.anatomical_structure
AP2
clathrin adaptor protein
ATPase
adenosine triphosphatase
ESCRT
endosomal sorting complex required for transport
PCA3
prostate CAncer gene 3
Microvesicles
TSPAN
tetraspanin
Cell type
Microenvironment
WT1
Wilms tumor protein
PI3K
phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase
CD
cluster of differentiation
Antigen presentation
KRAS
protein involved in cell cycle regulation
TSG101
tumor susceptibility gene 101
AKI
acute kidney injury
Biology
Exosome
Article
ESCRT
Hsc70
heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein
EBV
Epstein Barr virus
ILV
intraluminal vesicles
ELISA
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
medicine
Humans
MHC
major histocompatibility complex
HLA-DR
MHC class II receptor encoded by human leukocyte antigen complex
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
CCR1
chemokine (C–C motif) receptor 1
VLP
virion-like particles
Pharmacology
Fluidome
Cell growth
RT-PCR
reverse transcriptase PCR
CKD
chronic kidney disease
Membrane Proteins
ICAM1
inter-cellular adhesion molecule 1
FACS
fluorescence activated cell sorting
IL
interleukin
EGFR
epidermal growth factor receptor
Gene Expression Regulation
EMMPRIN
extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer
Cancer research
NKCC2
sodium–potassium–chloride co-transporter
LFA1
lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1
ATF3
cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor
Biomarkers
Zdroj: Biochemical Pharmacology
ISSN: 0006-2952
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.037
Popis: Graphical abstract Exosomes are nanometer sized cellular vesicles released into surrounding bio-fluids. Containing the parent cell's RNA, DNA, protein and lipid component, they reflect the cell's condition and hold promise as biomarkers of exquisite specificity.
Exosomes are bioactive vesicles derived from the cell's endosomal membrane system and secreted into surrounding body fluids. Exosomes contain cell and cell-state specific cargos of protein, mRNA and miRNA. Exosome formation, cargo content, and delivery to surrounding cells is of immense biological interest considering the role that exosomes are believed to play in various pathological conditions. They aid antigen presentation by immune cells and can exhibit either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory properties depending on the parent antigen-presenting cell's conditioning. Viruses can hijack a host cell's exosomal machinery to evade host defense systems aiding in the trans-infection of viruses. Tumor derived exosomes may help establish an oncogenic niche systemically via delivery of protein, mRNA, and miRNA that can aid angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Exosomes have also been implicated in the spread of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have shown that exosomes are selectively taken up by cells distal from their release. They can reprogram the recipient cells due to their active molecular cargo. Cell-lineage and state-specific exosomes imply that they may therefore harbor body fluid-based biomarkers of unparalleled accuracy, particularly for tissues that are difficult or impossible to access. Exosome-specific membrane proteins provide markers enabling exosome identity and selection, while cell type and cell condition-specific protein, mRNA and miRNA cargo provide a rich potential source of biomarkers. This review serves to provide an overview of the current state of the science in the burgeoning field of exosome biology.
Databáze: OpenAIRE
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