King-Devick and Pre-season Visual Function in Adolescent Athletes
| Autor: | Drew Ferguson, Mark W. Swanson, Matthew Heath Hale, Katherine K. Weise, Kimberly Penix |
|---|---|
| Rok vydání: | 2017 |
| Předmět: |
Male
medicine.medical_specialty Visual acuity Adolescent Cross-sectional study Visual Acuity Neuropsychological Tests Audiology Article Pupil 03 medical and health sciences Vision Screening 0302 clinical medicine medicine Humans Bland–Altman plot Brain Concussion biology business.industry Athletes Repeated measures design Repeatability Convergence Ocular biology.organism_classification Grouped data Ophthalmology Cross-Sectional Studies Athletic Injuries 030221 ophthalmology & optometry Female Seasons medicine.symptom business 030217 neurology & neurosurgery Optometry |
| Zdroj: | Optometry and Vision Science. 94:89-95 |
| ISSN: | 1538-9235 1040-5488 |
| Popis: | PURPOSE The King-Devick test (KD) has been studied as a remove-from-play sideline test in college-age athletes and older; however, studies in younger athletes are limited. A cross-sectional study of the KD and other vision correlates was completed on school-aged athletes during pre-season physicals for a variety of sports to determine the repeatability of the KD. The study also evaluated how convergence, alignment, or pupil function contributed to a slower King-Devick baseline reading. METHODS Seven hundred eighty-five athletes underwent vision screenings in a hospital or school setting by trained/certified staff as part of pre-season physicals. Six hundred nineteen had KD testing completed per the manufacturer's suggested protocol and repeated. Other baseline vision testing included visual acuity, Modified Thorington testing for alignment, convergence testing, and pupil function using the NeurOptics (NPI-200) NPi. RESULTS The mean fastest, error-minimized KD time for all participants was 43.9 seconds(s) (SD ± 11.6, range 24-120). Median KD time got faster (+) with age (p < 0.0001). The inter-class correlation coefficient for all scores was 0.92. The absolute mean time difference for any two tests was 3.5 s (SD ± 2.5, range 0-23). There was no association between the best KD time and reduced NPC (p = 0.63), Modified Thorington measure of alignment (p = 0.55), or NPi pupil function (p = 0.79). The Bland Altman repeated measure limits of agreement was ±6.5 seconds for those in the 10th to12th grades, and ±10.2 seconds for those in the 6th to 9th grades. CONCLUSIONS King-Devick score in junior high and high school athletes is variable but gets faster and more repeatable with increasing age. The KD does not correlate significantly with reduced convergence, alignment, or pupil function. Based on grouped data, a slowing of 10 seconds for younger athletes and 6 seconds for older athletes on a second administration represents a true difference in testing speed. Within-player variability should be considered when removal-from-play decisions are influenced by KD results. |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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