Optimizing the Reaction Conditions for the Formation of Fumarate via Trans-Hydrogenation
Autor: | Gerd Buntkowsky, Lorenz Rösler, Stephan Knecht, James Eills, Laura Wienands, Franziska Theiß |
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Jazyk: | angličtina |
Předmět: |
Aqueous solution
Hydrogen chemistry.chemical_element 02 engineering and technology 010402 general chemistry 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology Spin isomers of hydrogen Photochemistry 01 natural sciences Chemical reaction Atomic and Molecular Physics and Optics 0104 chemical sciences Reaction rate chemistry.chemical_compound Acetylene chemistry Yield (chemistry) Hyperpolarization (physics) 0210 nano-technology |
Zdroj: | Applied Magnetic Resonance |
ISSN: | 1613-7507 0937-9347 |
DOI: | 10.1007/s00723-021-01371-w |
Popis: | Parahydrogen-induced polarization is a hyperpolarization method for enhancing nuclear magnetic resonance signals by chemical reactions/interactions involving the para spin isomer of hydrogen gas. This method has allowed for biomolecules to be hyperpolarized to such a level that they can be used for real time in vivo metabolic imaging. One particularly promising example is fumarate, which can be rapidly and efficiently hyperpolarized at low cost by hydrogenating an acetylene dicarboxylate precursor molecule using parahydrogen. The reaction is relatively slow compared to the timescale on which the hyperpolarization relaxes back to thermal equilibrium, and an undesirable 2nd hydrogenation step can convert the fumarate into succinate. To date, the hydrogenation chemistry has not been thoroughly investigated, so previous work has been inconsistent in the chosen reaction conditions in the search for ever-higher reaction rate and yield. In this work we investigate the solution preparation protocols and the reaction conditions on the rate and yield of fumarate formation. We report conditions to reproducibly yield over 100 mM fumarate on a short timescale, and discuss aspects of the protocol that hinder the formation of fumarate or lead to irreproducible results. We also provide experimental procedures and recommendations for performing reproducible kinetics experiments in which hydrogen gas is repeatedly bubbled into an aqueous solution, overcoming challenges related to the viscosity and surface tension of the water. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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