Glutathione disulfide liposomes – A research tool for the study of glutathione disulfide associated functions and dysfunctions
Autor: | Xiangming Guan, Omathanu Perumal, Satya S. Sadhu, Hongwei Zhang, Jiashu Xie |
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Rok vydání: | 2016 |
Předmět: |
0301 basic medicine
inorganic chemicals GSSG glutathione disulfide Antioxidant BBB blood-brain barrier medicine.medical_treatment Biophysics medicine.disease_cause Biochemistry 03 medical and health sciences chemistry.chemical_compound fluids and secretions PBS phosphate buffered saline FBS fetal bovine serum Thiols DDAB dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide Glutathione disulfide medicine GSH glutathione Cationic liposome Viability assay Liposome Glutathionylation 030102 biochemistry & molecular biology Glutathione 3. Good health 030104 developmental biology chemistry Oxidative stress Liposomes Intracellular Research Article |
Zdroj: | Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports |
ISSN: | 2405-5808 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.06.017 |
Popis: | Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is the oxidized form of glutathione (GSH). GSH is a tripeptide present in the biological system in mM concentration and is the major antioxidant in the body. An increase in GSSG reflects an increase in intracellular oxidative stress and is associated with disease sates. The increase has also been demonstrated to lead to an increase in protein S-glutathionylation that can affect the structure and function of proteins. Protein S-glutathionylation serves as a regulatory mechanism during cellular oxidative stress. Though GSSG is commercially available, its roles in various GSSG-associated normal/abnormal physiological functions have not been fully delineated due to the reason that GSSG is not cell membrane permeable and a lack of method to specifically increase GSSG in cells. We have developed cationic liposomes that can effectively deliver GSSG into cells. Various concentrations of GSSG liposomes can be conveniently prepared. At 1 mg/mL, the GSSG liposomes effectively increased intracellular GSSG by 27.1±6.9 folds (n=3) in 4 h and led to a significant increase in protein S-glutathionylation confirming that the increased GSSG is functionally effective. The Trypan blue assay demonstrated that GSSG liposomes were not cytotoxic; the cell viability was greater than 95% after cells were treated with the GSSG liposomes for 4 h. A stability study showed that the dry form of the GSSG liposomes were stable for at least 70 days when stored at −80 °C. Our data demonstrate that the GSSG liposomes can be a valuable tool in studying GSSG-associated physiological/pathological functions. Highlights • Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) liposomes were developed to deliver GSSG into cells. • The GSSG liposomes effectively increased intracellular GSSG by 27.1±6.9 folds. • The delivered GSSG is confirmed to be functionally effective through protein S-glutathionylation. |
Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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