Ontogeny and Anatomy of the Dimorphic Pitchers of Nepenthes rafflesiana Jack
| Autor: | Rachel Schwallier, Valeri van Wely, Mirna Baak, Erik Smets, Barbara Gravendeel, Bertie Joan van Heuven, Rogier R van Vugt, Rutger A. Vos |
|---|---|
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
| Rok vydání: | 2020 |
| Předmět: |
0106 biological sciences
0301 basic medicine Nepenthes rafflesiana NECTARIES 3D geometric morphometrics (3DGM) Ontogeny microstructure DEADLY TRAP DIVERSITY Plant Science carnivorous plants 01 natural sciences Article 03 medical and health sciences ALTERNATIVE TRAPPING STRATEGIES Tendril development Ecology Evolution Behavior and Systematics CARNIVOROUS PLANT Developmental stage Science & Technology Ecology biology Plant Sciences PREY COMPOSITION Anatomy biology.organism_classification LEAF-LITTER UTILIZATION pitcher plants CLOSED PITCHERS SLIPPERY Sexual dimorphism CAPTURE Peristome 030104 developmental biology landmark analysis Landmark analysis Anatomical feature Life Sciences & Biomedicine 010606 plant biology & botany |
| Zdroj: | Plants Volume 9 Issue 11 |
| ISSN: | 2223-7747 |
| DOI: | 10.3390/plants9111603 |
| Popis: | An enigmatic feature of tropical pitcher plants belonging to the genus Nepenthes is their dimorphic prey-capturing pitfall traps. In many species, the conspicuously shaped upper and lower pitchers grow from a swollen leaf tendril tip until finally opening as insect-alluring devices. Few have studied the ontogeny of these traps from an anatomical and quantitative morphological perspective. We investigated whether the anatomy and development of lower and upper type pitchers of N. rafflesiana differ or overlap in terms of 3D geometric morphology and microstructure progression and presence. We hypothesized that there is an overlap in the initial, but not all, developmental stages of the two pitcher types and that one pitcher type is suspended in development. We identified four important morphological changes of pitcher ontogeny and defined these as curvation, elongation, inflation and maturation phases. Pitcher length indicated progress through developmental phases, and we propose to use it as a tool for indication of developmental stage. Microstructure development coincided with the developmental phases defined. Additionally, we discovered a new anatomical feature of extrafloral nectariferous peristomal glands between the inner peristome ridges of upper and lower pitchers being hollow and analyze the chemistry of the sugars on the outside of these glands. Ontogenetic shape analysis indicated that upper and lower pitcher types develop with similar phase progression but have no directly overlapping morphology. This means that upper pitchers are not a derived state from lower pitchers. Independent developmental programs evolved to produce distinctly shaped upper and lower pitchers in Nepenthes, likely to exploit different food sources. ispartof: PLANTS-BASEL vol:9 issue:11 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published |
| Databáze: | OpenAIRE |
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